Evaluation of the impact of labour costs development on grapevine production in the Slovak Republic through algorithms

In the paper, on the basis of the analysis of statistical data of the Research Institute of Agricultural and Food Economics, we evaluate management (production) and economic indicators of labour productivity of selected agricultural commodities in crop production, i.e. grapevine.Selected managerial and economic indicators were evaluated within the selected group of economic operators of the Research Institute of Agricultural and Food in the years 1999 2013 (15 years). Then we quantified the impact of changes in management and economic parameters of production in connection with the use of labour force under the labour costs development, depending on labour productivity of grapevine through algorithms. The main aim of this paper is to analyze the impact of labour costs on the production of grapevine and their ultimate impact on the labour force in manufacturing and economic conditions of the SR, which results in the increase or loss of job positions. The time horizon of the investigation falls within the period 1999 – 2013 and the underlying data were drawn from the Research Institute of Agricultural and Food Economics and the database of the Statistical Office.


Introduction
The status of crop production in various regions of Slovakia affects the character of change.Crop production in the economic conditions of the Slovak Republic is strongly influenced by price volatility, yield per hectare crop, intensification factors (fertilization, treatment, irrigation) and climatic conditions in a given year that are limiting for successful business in crop production.
The basic prerequisite for the development of the current state of labor costs is the availability of objective information and their effective use in defining the assumptions and future strategies.In the global context, it is particularly important to assess the development of average wages and consequently differences not only within individual economies, but also particularly between economies with each other.The widening gap in economic development, but also in wage levels are due to differences in productivity, in education, in technical and capital work and work organization and production (GANS -KING, 2009).
Agriculture among all sectors of the national economy has one of the lowest labor costs per employee.The total nominal increase in average wages in agriculture has been long accelerated only through faster growth in average wages senior technical and administrative staff.Employment in agriculture so far only a few uses and technological innovation and prevails simple manual labor with low representation of new technologies (BUCHTA, S. 2010).
The state will often try to intervene to prevent the decreasing trend in wages in the agricultural sector, which is mainly caused by differences in the intensity of productivity growth.In developing countries, real wages in agriculture grew in the 70s and 80s and this was one of the main reasons for reducing rural poverty.A large proportion of this growth was also the development of non-agricultural employment, the conventional government-sponsored employment.But now, with the increase in agricultural prices, falling wages in poorly organized sector and a decline in government-sponsored non-agricultural employment in rural areas, the agricultural population becomes adversely affected (JANKACKÁ, K. 2009).
Labour productivity in agriculture has two important aspects.It represents a profound impact on national prosperity, i.e. national income per capita.And also determines the standard of living of the population engaged in agriculture.Labour productivity, as one of the indicators for measuring the efficiency of input use, represents the amount of value produced in a given period consumed per unit of work (REHMAN, H. 2003).
One of the problems of expression in labor productivity in agriculture is a measure of labor input live, but also overall.The most appropriate way to measure the amount of work involved is time units.The amount of time spent should accurately reflect the time expenditure of labor.Net working time is generally monitors in hours, but does not take into account how productive time was used.The use of working time is a factor and an unchanged number of employees and under the same procedures can lead to higher labor productivity (ZOBORSKÝ, M. 2006).
In agriculture, through the technical progress and increase the proportion of materialized labor in the production process, labor productivity growth very quickly.Labor productivity in agriculture expresses the value of the gross value added attributable to the annual work unit (MELNÍK, M. 2013).

Data and Methods
The methodology of the paper consists of the indiciators and alghoritm creation.The first group of indicators are the management indicators and the second group are the economic indicators of labor productivity of grapevine.The indicators and created alghoritm is focused only to the slovak vine production and does not take into the consideration the competitiveness with some other countries.The paper provides the overview of situation in Slovakia within the vine production using the selected indicators.

Indicators of labor productivity of grapevine
The basis for the calculation of the indicators were the resulting calculations of the Research Institute of Agricultural and Food Economics which detects actual own costs per unit of output and subsequently evaluation of other economic indicators (income, profit and subsidies to labor force).The assessment of the present paper, we use time series data for 15 years (1999 -2013).Indicators of labor productivity of grapevine are presented in Table 1.

Number of hectares managed by one worker in the cultivation of grapevine
Production of grapevine by one worker (in tonnes)

Revenues per one worker in the production of grapevine (in EUR)
Profit per one worker in the production of grapevine (in EUR)

Profit for 1 euro labor costs invested in the production of grapevine (in EUR)
Labor costs per 1 ton of grapevine for the year (in EUR) The percentage of labor costs for the producer price of grapevine (in %)

Subsidies for one worker by the number of irrigate hectares (in EUR)
Subsidies for 1 euro labor costs invested in the production of grapevine (in EUR) Source: Research Institute of Agricultural and Food Economics, own calculations

Evaluation of the impact of labor costs developments to production of grapevine
Rated years 1999 -2013 were significantly different from each other in crops, labor costs and economic results.For an objective assessment of the development of labor in the production of grapevine have calculations, that affect future expected impact on employment, used the average values of the grapevine harvest and the amount of work that we compared with the productivity of wheat.
Table 2 provides an overview of inputs and indicators that entered to the various algorithms used for simulation calculations.In assessing the impact of examples of labor cost developments to production of grapevine and ultimately their impact on the formation, respectively job losses, were used the following relations:

Table 2 Inputs and indicators entering to algorithms
( Indicator Avine consumption for all citizens of the Slovak Republic (Indicator B/ Indicator C ) is the number of jobs in the self-sufficiency of the Slovak Republic in the viticulture (2) Impact: Relationship of consumption and vine production The relationship is expressed as a proportion of the increased consumption of vine per capita 1 and formation, respectively loss of one job in raising or reducing imports of vine.
(3) Impact: Comparison of relative labor productivity in the production of wheat to labor productivity grapevine production a.)The formation of one job in the production of wheat in releasing staff from vineyards Indicator Kcompensation for loss of with the loss of one job in the vineyards (1/Indicator F) is the formation of one job in the production of wheat in releasing staff from vineyards b.) Compensation for loss of jobs in the cultivation of wheat result of the release vineyard area

𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝐼 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝐷
Where: Indicator Ithe difference catchment area fruiting vineyards Indicator Dthe average number of hectares of wheat managed by 1 worker

Eveluation of management and economic indicators of labor productivity
Grapevine is the most thermophilic plant grown in the temperate zone.Place of grapevine growing impacts on the quality of grapes and vine.The grapevine grown in our vine-growing areas is a valuable raw material for the production of high quality and high quality vines, as evidenced by the significant achievements Slovak vine producers in international exhibitions.
In assessing the yield per hectare vine from data of Research Institute of Agricultural and Food Economics can be argued, that lower yields per hectare associated with exceptionally unfavorable climatic conditions for growing vines.
From Figure 1, which shows the number of hectares of grapevine cultivated by one worker, we can see the stagnation of this indicator for us rated years.An exception is the 2013, which can be regarded as extremely difficult to care for vine.The course of the weather in terms of temperature and precipitation occurrence can be described as extremely extreme in its growing region.In that year labor productivity was the highest, when the average worker 1 cultivated for 19.61 hectares, which represents almost 6-fold higher productivity compared to the year 2000, when one employee managed about 16.24 hectares of grapevine less.Over the 15 years one employee operated each year 7.60 hectares of grapevine.
Average annual output per one employee in the vineyards for the period 1999 -2013 was amounted for 31.34tons of grapevine.Higher production in 2013 was due to high yield per hectare (5.30 tons) and one worker in the volume of production produced for 95.49 tons.The relatively low yield per hectare of grapevine in 2010 (1.19 tons) was the cause of the very low level of production of grapevine by one worker, when production was only 11.36 tons in total production of grapevine at 21 120 tons (Figure 2).The amount of revenues per one employee for the average of all years was 16 082 EUR, while the highest yield of 71 611 EUR is marked in 2013.
In the development of profit per one employee may be said that in 15 years had a predominance of loss, while the highest was shown in 2010, amounting to -18 351 EUR.The best profit was recorded in 2013, when the one worker has reached 27 731 EUR of profit.In the years 2001, 2003 and 2011, the profit was also positive, but the rest of the monitored years can be observed negative profit, i.e. one worker for us rated years accounted on average -1 134 EUR of loss.The development of the amount of profit per 1 euro labor costs in the production of grapevine was fluctuating course for us rated years.One euro labor costs invested in the production of grapevine for the period 1999 -2013 brought the average income 2.55 EUR of revenues and -0.32 of loss (Table 3).Labour costs per 1 ton of grapevine were in the range from 87.84 to 286.55 EUR with a significant increase occurred in 2010, when labor costs per 1 ton of grapevine stood at 624.78 EUR (Figure 4).This extreme increase caused a very low yield of grapevine brought about by adverse weather conditions.Average labor costs per 1 ton of grapevine for all the evaluated years were 221.34 EUR.
From the comparison of the relative labor costs producer of grapevine can claim that labor costs for the production of grapevine accounted for 75.69 % of the vine producers, resulting in a high labor content.Based on our calculations, it can be argued that if the import of vine increased or decreased by 20.37 hectoliters, create or disappear one job in the vineyards.
(2) Impact: Relationship of consumption and vine production If vine consumption rises to 1 liter per capita (from 13 l to 14 l), increasing the total consumption of 5.414 hectoliters, what representing 270 jobs.
(3) Impact: Comparison of relative labor productivity in the production of wheat to labor productivity grapevine production The assumption is based on the theory that if we eliminate vineyards and and on the surface will grow wheat.
One employee cultivated for us rated years 1999 -2013 on average 298.06 hectares of wheat.
In the viticulture one worker managed on average 7.6 ha of grapevine.
This means that one worker in agriculture by farmed area of wheat cases on 39 workers in the vineyards.From the foregoing, where 100 workers will decline in the vineyards and replaced the released area of production of wheat, so 2.5 workers will be enough for the production of wheat.

(4) The impact of the loss of vineyards on employment
In 1999, the area of fruiting vineyards was 22.847 hectares and in 2013 was 10.039 hectares, which represents a decrease of 12.808 hectares.According to our calculations, rated for the period from the viticulture released in 1.685 workers and when those assumptions were replaced by 43 employees in the cultivation of wheat.

Conclusion
The source of growing prosperity of every company is increase the efficiency of using input of economic process.When evaluating the results obtained in commodity grapevine, we can conclude that labor productivity has significantly stagnated over the reporting period of 15 years.Effect of processing technology is reflected at least on labor productivity.
When analyzing the subsidy policy for one employee by the number of cultivated hectares, we found several times lower subsidies than in densely sown cereals.These facts are reflected by reduction of vineyards growing area.Farms that produce commodities with long-term economic loss and require more labor intensive are attenuated.
In recent years in crop production growing vineyards area are significantly reduced, which had according to our calculations a significant impact on employment in farming.According to our calculations, rated for the period from the viticulture released in 1.685 workers and when those assumptions were replaced by 43 employees in the cultivation of wheat.
Another serious problem is the amount per hectare yields that are above the European Union average of 20 -50%.This fact is directly related to the production intensity in production and climatic conditions of the Slovak Republic, where for example the cultivation of the grapevine represents the northern border regions.Based on the findings, we recommend: o Slovak producers in terms of competitiveness of traditional agricultural commodities (grapevine) should focus on the intensity of production (crops), which lag behind the developed producing countries of the European Union by 50 %.From the foregoing, it is clear that the hectare yield significantly affects competitiveness, o By those measures, we promote the competitiveness of various sectors of agriculture which would have a significant impact on employment in the various regions of Slovakia and at the state level we have to reduce negative trade balance in the evaluation of traditional agricultural commodities.
Explanatory Population in the Slovak Republic in 2013 PO Vine consumption per 1 inhabitant of the Slovak Republic WC The conversion of the amount of grapevine for vine making C The average harvest of grapevine AHG Harvested area fruiting vineyards in the Slovak Republic (1999 -2013) HAFV Indicators Vine consumption for all citizens of the Slovak Republic A The need for self-sufficiency grapevine of the Slovak Republic B The average number of hectares of vineyards managed by 1 worker C The average number of hectares of wheat managed by 1 worker D Grapevine production in the Slovak Republic E Increasing the number of jobs in the production of wheat in the reduction of 1 job vinohradoch F Loss of labor, assuming that the area under vineyards will grow wheat: Harvested area fruiting vineyards in 1999 G Harvested area fruiting vineyards in 2013 H The difference catchment area fruiting vineyards I The loss of labor from the vineyards area J Compensation for loss of job with the loss of one job in the vineyards K Source: Research Institute of Agricultural and Food Economics, Statistical Office of Slovak Republic, own processing 1) Impact: Relationship of amount of work to foreign trade a.)The number of jobs in the self-sufficiency of the Slovak Republic in the viticulture     Where: Indicator Bthe need for self-sufficiency grapevine of the Slovak Republic Indicator Cthe average number of hectares of vineyards managed by 1 worker http://dx.doi.org/10.15414/isd2016.s2.01 b.)The number of workers in the catchment area of vineyards (in 2013)    Where: HAFVharvested area fruiting vineyards in the Slovak Republic (1999 -2013) Indicator Cthe average number of hectares of vineyards managed by 1 worker c.)The number of re-employed workers in the self-sufficiency of vine production in the Slovak Republic     −    * i.e. the difference between the number of jobs in the self-sufficiency of the Slovak Republic in the viniculture and the number of workers in the catchment area of vineyards in 2013 d.)The creation or loss of one job in raising, respectively reducing imports of vine       Where:

( 4 )
increasing the number of jobs in the production of wheat in the reduction of 1 job b.)The increase in wheat production workers at the reduction of 100 jobs from the vineyard area   * 100 The impact of the loss of vineyards on employment a.) Total loss of workers from the vineyard area in the years 1999 -2013 http://dx.doi.org/10.15414/isd2016.s2.01

Figure 1
Figure 1 Number of hectares managed by one worker in the cultivation of grapevine by the years

Figure 2
Figure 2 Production of grapevine by one worker in tonnes per year

Figure 3
Figure 3 Number of worked hours per 1 hectare of grapevine

Table 3 Development of revenues and profit per one worker and for 1 euro labor costs invested in the production of grapevine Years Grapevine
Source: Research Institute of Agricultural and Food Economics, Statistical Office of Slovak Republic, own calculations

Table 4 Development of subsidies per 1 hectare of grapevine, subsidies for one worker and subsidies for 1 euro labor costs invested in the production of grapevine Years Grapevine
Data from the Research Institute of Agricultural and Food Economics shows that the average annual subsidies per 1 hectare of grapevine for the period of 15 years amounted to 194.85 EUR.Evaluated from the results it can be concluded that the subsidies grants for the ://dx.doi.org/10.15414/isd2016.s2.01 o One possibility to obtain the funds, is the total reduction of Single area payment scheme (SAPS) and this commodity should be favored by subsidy title to the densely sown cereals, o Maximize complementary national direct payments to the state level, o Subsidy direct support for investment in irrigation technologies and technological lines and creating the conditions for a competitive advanced states of the European Union, which have been increasing share of imports in (potatoes, vegetables, orchards, vineyards), o Control of the recommendation plantings and subsidy titles that commodities should be approved by the Central Control and Testing Institute of Agriculture, o The state should enter into negotiations with retail chains and prepare for placing on the market, http