Comparative Analysis of Socio – Psychological Differentials Among Anna University Men Football Hockey and Cricket Players

The purpose of the study was to comparative analysis the Socio – Psychological differentials among Anna University men Football, Hockey and Cricket Players. To achieve this purpose of the study ninety (N=90) men players were selected. Among them, thirty (n=30) Football players, thirty (n=30) Hockey players and thirty (n=30) Cricket players who have participated in the Anna University Inter zonal tournament during the year 2012-2013 were selected as subjects. The age of the subjects were ranged from 18 to 21 years. Among the Socio – Psychological factors only Aggression, Self-Esteem and Social Adjustment were selected as criterion variables. Aggression was assessed by Sports Aggression Inventory constructed and standardized by Prof. Anand Kumar Shrivastava & Prem Shankar Shukla. Self-esteem was assessed by the total scores in Canadian Self Esteem Inventory (CSEI) developed by Dr. Ambika Prasad Pandey and Social adjustment was assessed by the total scores in Deva’s Social Adjustment Inventory (SAI) constructed by Dr. R.C. Deva. The data collected from the three groups was statistically analyzed by using Analysis of variance (ANOVA). Scheffe’s post hoc test was applied to determine the significant difference between the paired means. In all the cases .05 level of confidence was fixed significance was fixed. The results of the study showed that there was a significant difference among Football, Hockey and Cricket Players. KeyworDs Aggression, Self Esteem and Social Adjustment INTRODUCTION Sociology is the study of man’s behaviour in groups or the interaction among human beings, of social relationship and the processes by which human group activity takes place (Singh, 2004). Sports have become a psychosocial activity. Physical strength and skill are not the only factors determining the outcome of competition. The socio-psychological variables play an important role in inducing sportsmen to exhibit best possible performance during competition, such as conducting research in sports and in predicting success in sports. Variables such as personality, aggression, self esteem, achievement motivation, self confidence, social adjustment, locus of control and self concept may play a great role to shape up an individual of the society. Sports psychology is the scientific study of behavior in sports or sports related context. It is an attempt to understand the how and why underlying sports behavior8. Sports psychology is defined as the study of mental processes as they relate to human sports performance. It consists of theories and laws of learning the importance of reinforcement and the linking of perceptual abilities with motor performance contribute to the body of knowledge. Sports psychologists utilize the information when studying topics such as achievement motivation, arousal, attribution and personality development (Lumpkin, 1986). Sociology of sport, alternately referred to as sports sociology, is a sub-discipline of sociology which focuses on sports as social phenomena. It is an area of study concerned with various socio-cultural structures, patterns, and organizations or groups involved with sport. There are many perspetives through which sport can be viewed. Therefore, very often some binary divisions are stressed, such as: professional — amateur, mass — top-level, active — passive/ spectator, men — women, sports play (as an antithesis to organized and institutionalized activity). (Lueschen, 1980). METHODOLOGY To achieve this purpose of the study ninety (N=90) men players were selected. Among them, thirty (n=30) Football players, thirty (n=30) Hockey players and thirty (n=30) Cricket players who have participated in the Anna University Inter zonal tournament during the year 2012-2013 were selected as subjects. The age of the subjects were ranged from 18 to 21 years. Among various Socio – Psychological factors only Aggression, Self-Esteem and Social adjustment were selected as criterion variables. Aggression was assessed by Sports Aggression Inventory constructed and standardized by Prof. Anand Kumar Shrivastava & Prem Shankar Shukla(1985.). Sports Aggression inventory consists of 25 questions. Self-Esteem was assessed by the total scores in Canadian Self Esteem Inventory (CSEI) developed by Dr. Ambika Prasad Pandey, Canadian Self Esteem Inventory (CSEI) contains 40 items and Social adjustment was assessed by the total scores in Deva’s Social Adjustment Inventory (SAI) constructed by Dr. R.C. Deva(1990). Deva’s Social Adjustment Inventory (SAI) consists of 100 questions which includes items for the assessment of emotional as well as social adjustment. ANALYSIS OF THE DATA The data collected from the Football players, Hockey players and Cricket players on selected Criterion variables were statistically examined by analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine differences, if any among the means on selected criterion variables separately. Whenever they obtained f-ratio value was significant the Scheffe’s test was applied as post hoc test to determine the paired mean differences, if any. In all the cases .05 level of confidence was fixed significance was fixed. The Analysis of variance (ANOVA) selected Socio – Psychological factors such as Aggression, Self Esteem and Social adjustment have been analyzed and presented in Table -1. Table – 1 Values of Analysis of Variance on the Means obtained in form of Football Hockey and Cricket players on selected Socio – Psychological factors Certain Variables Anna University Players Source of Variance Sum of Squares df Mean Squares ‘F’ Ratio Football Players Hockey Players Cricket Players Aggression 20.67 18.63 14.97 Between With in 500.69 756.60 2 87 250.34 8.70 28.79*


INTRODUCTION
Sociology is the study of man's behaviour in groups or the interaction among human beings, of social relationship and the processes by which human group activity takes place (Singh, 2004).
Sports have become a psycho-social activity. Physical strength and skill are not the only factors determining the outcome of competition. The socio-psychological variables play an important role in inducing sportsmen to exhibit best possible performance during competition, such as conducting research in sports and in predicting success in sports. Variables such as personality, aggression, self esteem, achievement motivation, self confidence, social adjustment, locus of control and self concept may play a great role to shape up an individual of the society.
Sports psychology is the scientific study of behavior in sports or sports related context. It is an attempt to understand the how and why underlying sports behavior8. Sports psychology is defined as the study of mental processes as they relate to human sports performance. It consists of theories and laws of learning the importance of reinforcement and the linking of perceptual abilities with motor performance contribute to the body of knowledge. Sports psychologists utilize the information when studying topics such as achievement motivation, arousal, attribution and personality development (Lumpkin, 1986).
Sociology of sport, alternately referred to as sports sociology, is a sub-discipline of sociology which focuses on sports as social phenomena. It is an area of study concerned with various socio-cultural structures, patterns, and organizations or groups involved with sport.
There are many perspetives through which sport can be viewed. Therefore, very often some binary divisions are stressed, such as: professional -amateur, mass -top-level, active -passive/ spectator, men -women, sports -play (as an antithesis to organized and institutionalized activity). (Lueschen, 1980).

METHODOLOGY
To achieve this purpose of the study ninety (N=90) men players were selected. Among them, thirty (n=30) Football players, thirty (n=30) Hockey players and thirty (n=30) Cricket players who have participated in the Anna University Inter zonal tournament during the year 2012-2013 were selected as subjects. The age of the subjects were ranged from 18 to 21 years. Among various Socio -Psychological factors only Aggression, Self-Esteem and Social adjustment were selected as criterion variables. Aggression was assessed by Sports Aggression Inventory constructed and standardized by Prof. Anand Kumar Shrivastava & Prem Shankar Shukla(1985.). Sports Aggression inventory consists of 25 questions. Self-Esteem was assessed by the total scores in Canadian Self Esteem Inventory (CSEI) developed by Dr. Ambika Prasad Pandey, Canadian Self Esteem Inventory (CSEI) contains 40 items and Social adjustment was assessed by the total scores in Deva's Social Adjustment Inventory (SAI) constructed by Dr. R.C. Deva(1990). Deva's Social Adjustment Inventory (SAI) consists of 100 questions which includes items for the assessment of emotional as well as social adjustment.

ANALYSIS OF THE DATA
The data collected from the Football players, Hockey players and Cricket players on selected Criterion variables were statistically examined by analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine differences, if any among the means on selected criterion variables separately. Whenever they obtained f-ratio value was significant the Scheffe's test was applied as post hoc test to determine the paired mean differences, if any. In all the cases .05 level of confidence was fixed significance was fixed.
The Analysis of variance (ANOVA) selected Socio -Psychological factors such as Aggression, Self Esteem and Social adjustment have been analyzed and presented in Table -1. The means values of Football, Hockey and Cricket players on Aggression, Self -Esteem and Social adjustment are graphically represented in the Figure -1.

Figure 1
Means Values of Football, Hockey and Cricket players on Aggression, Self-Esteem and Social adjustment

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results of the study indicate that the three groups ie. Football, Hockey and Cricket players had showed significantly differences on all the selected criterion variables namely Aggression, Self-Esteem and Social Adjustment. It is also found that the improvement achieved by the Football players was greater when compared to Hockey and Cricket players. These results are in conformity with the findings of the following studies undertaken by Inverson (1981) (Reddy, 2009), Costello (2000), Mohan and Avtar (1986) and Chan (2003) CONCLUSION Based on the results of the study the following conclusions were drawn. 1. There was a significant difference among Anna University men Football, Hockey and Cricket players on Aggression, Self-Esteem and Social Adjustment. 2. Football players were found to be better than the Hockey and Cricket players in increase Aggression, Self-Esteem and Social Adjustment. * Significant at.05 level of confidence (The table value required for Significance at0 .05 level with df 2 and 87 is 3.10) Table 1 shows that the mean value of Aggression, Self-Esteem and Social adjustment for Football, Hockey and Cricket players were 20. 67,18.63,14.97,28.27,26.23,23.03,163.83,156.87 and 136.50 respectively. The obtained F values 28.79,18.38 and 15.96 for the mean is more than the table value 3.10 for df 2 and 87 required for significance at .05 level of confidence. The results of the study indicate that there is a significant difference among the means values of Football, Hockey and Cricket players on the Aggression, Self esteem and Social adjustment.
To determine which of the paired means had a significant differences, Scheffe's test was applied as Post hoc test and the results are presented in Table 2.  Table 2 shows that the mean for differences on Football players and Hockey players, Football players and Cricket players and Hockey players and Cricket players on Aggression were 2.04, 5.70 and 3.66 respectively. The values are greater than the confidence interval value 1.94, which shows significant differences at .05 level of confidence.
The mean for differences on Football players and Cricket players and Hockey players and Cricket players on Self-Esteem were 5.24 and 3.20 respectively. The values are greater than the confidence interval value 2.22, which shows significant differences at .05 level of confidence. The value between Football players and Hockey players are 2.04, it showed insignificance differences.
Further the table 2 shows that the mean for differences on Football players and Cricket players and Hockey players and