Determinants of students deviant behavior in Nusa Bhakti Junior High School Semarang

_______________________ Abstract ____________________________________________________________ The efforts to build character and control student behavior are executed through the learning process and the application of school rules. Although learning activities and enforcing rules have been well pursued, in reality there are still many behavioral deviations committed by students. The research objectives are to identify forms of deviant behavior by students, analyze the factors that cause students to engage in deviant behavior and identify the types of parenting styles of students as well as school efforts in tackling students' deviant behavior. The data analysis technique used is qualitative data analysis with Merton's structural functional theory. Data collection is done by observation, in-depth interviews and documentation studies. The results showed that there were deviant behaviors executed by students of SMP Nusa Bhakti are smoking, drinking alcohol, and drug abuse. This deviant behavior is caused by the imperfect socialization process and the result of the socialization process of deviant sub-cultural values. The imperfect socialization process is influenced by students'


INTRODUCTION
The young generation is in a position as hope to realize the nation's goals.In general, the goals of the Indonesian people are stated in the Preamble to the 1945 Constitution, namely; (1) respecting the Indonesian nation and all of Indonesia's bloodshed, (2) promoting general welfare (3) educating the nation's life, and (4) implementing a world of independence, eternal peace and social justice.The achievement of these goals cannot be separated from how much contribution the young generation can make.The contribution in question is the extent to which the moral and intellectual qualities of the young generation can be contributed to the existence of the nation and state.
The qualified young generation who have good morals, intellectual intelligence, and are able to use their abilities in the practice of daily life to benefit themselves and society.Education and intellectual intelligence are important aspects to build a young generation who has good productivity and quality of human resources (Subandowo, 2017).(Iqbal, 2014) states that education is seen as one aspect that plays an important role in shaping the next generation.Education is expected to produce good quality and responsible human beings and be able to anticipate future changes.
Education is an effort to attract something inside humans as an effort to provide programmed learning experiences in the form of formal, non-formal, and informal education at school and outside school that lasts a lifetime which aims to optimize individual abilities so that in the future they can play their role appropriately (Triwiyanto, 2014).Moreover, the purpose of education is to shape the behavior of students so that they become the next generation that is beneficial to themselves, others and their nation and country.Education is carried out through three educational environments, namely family, school and community (Yuniati, Suyahmo, & Juhadi, 2017).The earliest education is obtained from the family, namely from how parents educate and introduce children to the values and norms that applied in society.Intercommunication in society provides a latent educational function, while formal education is obtained at school.
The efforts to build character and control student behavior are carried out through the learning process and the application of school rules.Learning that contains moral values is the first step to form a student's personality.School rules have a role as a device for controlling student behavior, as stated by (Fawaid, 2017) that the main purpose of implementing code of conduct is to train discipline and build moral discipline in individuals which will form patterns of behavior, so that code of conduct can becomes a control of behavior to comply with the rules.However, although learning activities and enforcing rules have been well pursued, in reality there are still many forms of behavior deviation committed by students.
Cohen (Budirahayu, 2011) defines social deviation as an act that ignores norms and occurs when a person or group does not comply with standards in society.One of the objects of social deviation in the educational process is the act of violating school rules (Septiawati & Legowo, 2018).Violations are deviant behavior because they act based on their own wishes which are contrary to the applicable rules and agreed upon by the group.According to (Hurlock, 2011) Regulations aim to provide children with approved guidelines for behavior in certain situations.The rules listed in the school rules are made as values and norms to regulate student behavior in schools in order to create orderliness and regularity, so that when the agreed rules are violated, it can be said that students who violate have committed social deviations.
Deviant behavior whose object is a violation of school rules is seen in Nusa Bhakti Junior High School Semarang.Based on the researcher's initial observations, there have been many deviations made by students from minor violations to serious violations.Initial data obtained from Counseling and Guidance records, violations that are quite often committed by students and classified as serious violations based on the Nusa Bhakti Middle School code of conduct include smoking, drinking alcohol, and abuse/consumption of pills/drugs.
The socialization that individuals undergo does not always succeed in growing social values and norms in the individuals.As a result of the failure to socialize social values and norms, sometimes individuals take actions that are not in accordance with the rules that apply in society or what are called social deviations or deviant behavior.(Susanti & Handoyo, 2015).The success of students in implementing the values and norms that apply in society is influenced by the surrounding environmental factors, ranging from the family environment, school, peers, communities, and the mass media.
The role of students as the nation's next generation is very important, so deviant behavior by students is a problem that the root caused must be found, then the preventive efforts must be implemented by various parties to prevent and overcome deviant behavior, and shape the character of students who are intelligent both morally and intellectually.
Based on this background, the research problem is formulated as follows: What are the forms of deviant behavior carried out by students Nusa Bhakti Semarang Junior High School, what are the factors that cause students of Nusa Bhakti Semarang Junior High School to engage in deviant behavior, how are parenting styles in the process of socializing children at Nusa Bhakti Semarang Junior High School, and how the school's efforts in controlling the deviant behavior of students Nusa Bhakti Semarang Junior High School.
The aims of this study were: to identify forms of deviant behavior by students, to analyze the factors that cause deviant behavior to students at Nusa Bhakti Semarang Junior High School, to analyze parenting style applied by parents in the process of socializing their children at Nusa Bhakti Semarang Junior High School., and analyze the school's efforts in controlling the deviant behavior of students at Nusa Bhakti Semarang Junior High School.

METHOD
This research uses a qualitative approach with a case study method.Qualitative approach according to (Rahmat, 2009) is expected to be able to produce an in-depth description of the speech, writing, and observable behavior of a particular individual, community group or organization.The qualitative approach was chosen because the qualitative approach ideographically raises various phenomena and realities as well as to solve problems in research.This study tries to find a focus on students' deviant social behavior such as what develops Nusa Bhakti Semarang Junior High School and looks for factors that cause students to commit deviant behavior, as well as analyzes parenting applied by parents and identifies school efforts in controlling deviant social behavior.
The data sources in this study were determined using the purposive sampling.Purposive sampling method is choosen since researchers need informants based on certain criteria and certain goals.Considerations in selecting informants are based on their relationship with Nusa Bhakti Junior High School students who have deviant social behavior.The number of informants in this study were 18 informants consisting of 9 students (RS,CA, D, YS, AP, AS, BR, AD, and MD), 5 teachers (AJ, DM, P, SS, and AI), 1 school dean (S), dan 3 student's parent (L, SN, and S).
The results of the data obtained from the documentation technique were used to find out reports of students' deviant social behavior at Nusa Bhakti Semarang Junior High School which included: student identity, types of violations/deviations committed, and actions taken by schools to control student deviant behavior.While the in-depth interview technique was used to determine the factors that caused students to commit deviant behavior, parenting patterns and school efforts in controlling student deviant behavior.
Data were analyzed using several steps according to theory of Miles, Huberman and Saldana that is to analyze data using three steps: data condensation, data display/visualization, data conclusion drawing and verification.Data condensation refers to process of selecting, focusing, simplifiying, abstracting, and transforming data itself (Miles, M.B, Huberman, A.M, dan Saldana, 2014).

Forms of Deviant Behaviour
The form of deviant behavior that is the focus of this research is a violation of school rules that is classified as severe and quite often carried out by students, namely smoking behavior, consuming alcohol, and consuming drugs/illicit pills.Smoking is a deviant behavior because the school rules clearly regulate the prohibition for students to smoke at school and outside school and it is also prohibited to bring cigarettes to school, as well as sanctions that will be given to students who violate those rules.Smoking deviant behavior carried out by students at Nusa Bhakti Junior High School Semarang, based on the rules in school is classified as a moderate form of deviation, but if it is done repeatedly it is classified as a severe deviation, while based on the level of deviation it is included in the form of secondary deviant behavior.The next student's deviant behavior is drinking.The prohibition of drinking alcohol is also regulated in school rules and is classified as a serious violation and has severe sanctions.Liquor is said to be a deviant behavior, apart from violating the rules, because drinking alcohol can damage physical health and have a negative impact on psychological health so that it interferes with students' ability to absorb learning.Furthermore, there is student deviant behavior in the form of drug/pill abuse.The misuse of drugs/illicit pills among junior high school students is a deviant behavior that is classified as a serious violation.

The Factors Causing Student Deviant Behavior
Deviant behavior carried out by students at Nusa Bhakti Semarang Junior High School does not occur without a reason, but there is something that influences it.Junior high school students are individuals who are in their teens, where at that time everything that happens around students will have a quick effect on students' thinking patterns and behavior.Student behavior is influenced by their daily interactions with their social environment.This was also conveyed by Mrs. AI as a Civics Education teacher that "factors that influence students' deviant behavior include the influence of peers or playmates, the influence of parents' behavior that is not good".
A person's personality is formed due to the influence of the social system in his social environment.The environment includes the family environment, school environment, peer environment, to the wider community environment.Student's deviant behavior is generally a result of a lack of parental supervision and school regulations.Coupled with the inner desire of students that lead to negative behaviors so that students become out of control.
The factors that cause students at Nusa Bhakti Semarang Junior High School to carry out deviant behavior are imperfect socialization which is influenced by conditions in the family environment and the results of the socialization process of deviant sub-cultural values which are deviations obtained from interaction with certain community groups and make members of community groups are affected to perform deviant behavior.
The student's deviant behavior caused by imperfect socialization processes in children tends to imitate what is done by their own families, especially their parents.A father who often smokes in front of his child can be easily imitated by the child, whether his parents know it or not.So here parents also need to control themselves not to give bad examples to their children.The student named BR admitted that he dared to smoke because his father often smoked at home.Meanwhile, the student named US admits that he smokes because his parents did not forbid him to smoke.
The family as the foundation stone of the first and foremost system of values and norms in children's lives often shifts its role because parents are more busy working because of the increasingly high demands of life, so they often neglect other functions.(Sidi, 2014).The lack of supervision from parents is also one of the reasons why students engage in deviant behavior.Students who come from families whose parents are separated or divorced and are in conflict, make children look for an escape, seek their own pleasure, and show anger at their parents by doing deviant things.The factors that cause students to carry out deviant behavior are based on family conditions that cannot direct the child's socialization process properly.Parents who are busy working to meet economic needs actually end up sacrificing attention and control to their children to be reduced or even lost.
Deviant behavior can occur in the socialization process in which there are deviant subcultural values.The causes of the occurrence of deviant subcultures that cause students to engage in deviant behavior include; environment of friends/peers, school environment, mass media, and society.A student is in early adolescence which is the most critical period for peer influence and is supported by a permissive attitude from parents.(Komasari, 2000).So that his intercommunication with the surrounding environment can influence him to carry out the same behavior with the values and norms of his group.
Peer interaction in groups has a dominant influence in shaping students' character (Suparno, 2018).Peer groups form a system, namely an environment where group members can be involved in the socialization process within group values.The values and norms that apply in this environment are no longer values created by society in general, but by members of the peer group, but if the value that develops is a negative value it can cause negative behavioral actions by group members.
Misguided about solidarity between friends in peer groups is the beginning of students to carry out deviant behavior (Aribowo, 2013).Deviant behavior caused by association with peers occurs in the case of MD who smokes because of the invitation of his friends in the neighborhood where he lives.MD followed his friend's invitation to smoke so he could join the group and not be ostracized/bullied in the group.
Deviant behavior by students is also caused by their interaction with the school environment.Transmission of student deviant behavior in the school environment can occur because of an invitation from a friend or just seeing a friend who does deviant behavior then a desire to imitate arises.Invitations from friends to carry out deviant behavior also vary in various ways, for example in cases of smoking and drug abuse, some simply invite them to do it together with a chip in, give voluntarily, until some use it for trading, namely by selling cigarettes or illegal drugs to schoolmates.
The mass media, both electronic, printed and online, play an important role in the process of transforming new values and cultures towards a person, especially teenage students.Someone who is in the transition from childhood to adulthood will tend to try and imitate what they see.Impressions that show scenes of crime such as violence, fights, drug cases, motorcycle gangs, gambling, drunkenness, and so on have an influence on students' thinking and behavior.In the case of student named BR , he is influenced to do deviant behavior from the programs they watch on television.Student named BR has a point of view that the criminals caught by the police in the television show look cool so BR feel challenged to imitate them.
A student is a member of a community group that interacts with each other on a daily basis.The interaction between students and the surrounding community can affect the mindset and behavior of these students, even these influences can appear without direct interaction but only by watching and then imitating.This makes the formation of one's behavior one of which will depend on the conditions of the community environment.
A community environment that upholds social and spiritual norms and values can support a child in forming a noble character.As in the case of a CA student who said that the first time he tried to abuse drugs and smoke was because he saw the people around him who also did this behavior.

Parenting Styles
Parenting styles applied by parents, especially in educating their children is very influential on the behavior of children because a child tends to imitate the behavior of parents or families who are nearby.As stated by (Fitakila, 2017) that the application of parenting styles to children must be done carefully, where every parent must choose correctly what parenting styles are appropriate to be applied to their children.Parenting style has an impact on individual development.
Inappropriate parenting style can have a negative impact on children (Lestari, 2008).Based on the results of observations and interviews that researchers conducted, parents of students at Nusa Bhakti Semarang Junior High School applied democratic parenting, authoritarian parenting and permissive parenting.
The tendency caused by authoritarian parenting that requires children to follow all the wishes of their parents and not argue with their parents is that children become dishonest, because what they want is not approved by their parents.Children will lie to be able to do what they like.As in the case experienced by student named AP, who was banned from smoking by his father so he lied by saying he was playing at his friend's house when in fact he was hanging out and smoking with his friends.
Permissive parenting style is a parenting style that tends to provide a lot of flexibility for their children and provides less supervision and control.Such as the parenting applied by the mother of YS students who admits that she is unable to provide control and attention to her child because as a single mother who has to work, she only takes a little time for her child, so that communication is very limited, causing children to act as they please.
Authoritative/democratic parenting style has a characteristic that parents try to comply with the wishes of the child by considering the interests and needs of the child.Democratic parenting is applied by the parents of MD students who give freedom to their children provided that the child can be responsible for his actions.However, deviant behavior by children occurs because they are influenced by the peer environment and parents are not fully able to give control to children.

School Control Efforts Against Student Deviant Behavior
Based on research findings related to school efforts in controlling deviant behavior at Nusa Bhakti Semarang Junior High School, they are grouped into 3 forms, namely preventive efforts, repressive efforts and curative efforts.
Preventive efforts are carried out by collaborating between various parties, namely school principals, guidance and counseling teachers, vice principals for student affairs, homeroom teachers, subject teachers and involving students' parents..According to (Risnaedi, Rachman, & Murwatiningsih, 2018) The communication relationship between the school and parents is an effective way to prevent and overcome student deviant behavior that occurs in the school environment and in the community.
Preventive efforts are carried out with various strategies, among others, by formulating strict and dynamic rules contained in the school rules book which is then socialized to students and parents at the beginning of school entry.Furthermore, the school carries out activity programs that contain character education through religious activities such as congregational dzuhur and Asr prayers and BTA (Read Write Al-Quran) extracurricular activities, PPK (Strengthening Character Education) activities, and carry out learning that contains character education values that integrated in the subject.
According to (Soekanto & Sulistyowati, 2015) Repressive actions can be carried out by imposing sanctions on residents who violate or deviate from the applicable rules.Sanctions are given with the aim of making students deterrent and no longer committing violations or irregularities.The party authorized to impose sanctions is the principal, vice principal for student affairs, counseling and guidance teachers, homeroom teachers and subject teachers can also act, depending on the form of violation committed by students.Violations that occur during learning take place and are included in the category of minor violations, the teacher can immediately act to provide sanctions.If the violation is categorized as a moderate to severe violation, the teacher can cooperate with the guidance and counseling teacher, homeroom teacher, vice principal for student affairs to the principal and involve the parents of the student concerned to take action or impose sanctions.
Curative efforts aim to provide awareness to the perpetrators of irregularities so that they can realize their mistakes and are willing and able to improve their lives, so that in the future they will no longer repeat their mistakes.(Komah, Budjang, & Imran, 2017).Curative efforts are aimed at students who commit serious violations but based on certain considerations have not been expelled from school.The first step is to try to make a deeper approach with the students concerned to find out the reasons students make deviations, then guide students to be able to deal with external influences that cause students to commit deviant behavior.Furthermore, curative efforts by schools against students who commit serious violations are through the PPK (Strengthening Character Education) program which is held once a year for grade 7. Students who commit serious violations, whether students in grades 7, 8, or 9 will be re-entered the KDP program.PPK activities are effective in fostering students who commit violations not to repeat them again.As stated by Mr. Adhi as the coordinator of PPK activities who stated that the change from a student who had violated a lot in fact he would guide his friends, direct his friends, become more active, feel he was given the trust so he feels he has to be more responsible.

CONCLUSION
Forms of deviant behavior that are classified as severe and quite often carried out by students are smoking, drinking alcohol, and abuse of illegal drugs/pills.The student's deviant behavior is caused by imperfect socialization factors and factors resulting from the socialization process of deviant sub-cultural values.The imperfect socialization process is influenced by the student's family environment, while the results of the socialization process for deviant sub-cultural values are influenced by environmental factors of peers, school environment, society and mass media.Inappropriate parenting patterns also influence students in carrying out deviant behavior.School efforts to control and overcome deviant behavior carried out by students are preventive, repressive, and curative efforts.Based on the results of the study, it is suggested that in overcoming students' deviant behavior, guidance for students is carried out more intensively with the cooperation of the school with parents, the education office, as well as from other related parties.