The Code-mixing Used by Nadiem Anwar Makarim on Chosen Youtube Video

___________________________________________________________________ Mixing two or more languages in the same conversation is a common phenomenon in this modern era. Furthermore, many people, particularly entertainers and also people in government such as Nadiem Anwar Makarim, the Ministry of Education and Culture, also used code-mixing. The present study is aimed at investigating the code-mixing used by Nadiem Anwar Makarim. This qualitative research is conducted by observing and analyzing the utterances from downloaded video podcasts as the data, which was then transcribed. The data analysis also included the types and factors of code-mixing. There were 173 numbers of data from the types of code-mixing, and those data were divided into three types. Those are 90 numbers of intra-sentential data, 81 numbers of intra-lexical data, and 2 numbers of pronunciation changes. The finding shows that intra-sentential code-mixing is the most frequent type used by Nadiem Makarim. Furthermore, the researchers also found the factors of code-mixing, which are internal factors and external factors. This study is significant for several reasons. First, the findings of this research are expected to be a meaningful description of the existence of code-mixing. It can be used to support daily conversation, especially in the teaching and learning processes.


INTRODUCTION
Bilingualism is the people's abaility to use two languages in communication with one another.Nearly everyone in the world can communicate more than one language, such as their mother tongue and a second language used for formal setting.As stated by Spolsky (1998) that bilingualism as the person who has some of the function ability of the second language.
Most people as speakers usually occupy more than one code and require a selected code whenever they choose to speak with other people.When two or more language used alternately by the same speaker, it can be said that those languages contact each other.Even using two or more languages alternatively by a speaker called bilingualism as stated by Wardhaugh (2006).
Based on Mackey and Fishman in Chaer & Agustina (2004) states emphatically that bilingualism is the practice of using language alternately, from one language to another, by a speaker.According to Mackey and Fishman, in the debate includes several notions, such as level problems, functions, code switching, code mixing, interference, and integration.
People occasionally speak languages they master in daily use.When they know more than one language, they may use both language in their conversation.People use more than one language that occurs in situation of social context, which is a situation where they learn a second language in their communities.In situation where a people learn a second language, they can be divided between the situation of language learning, language acquisition and people who learn the language.The example students when they are learning English in the classrom, they can use more than one language.stated from Quick et al (2021) the predominant goal of language acquisition studies is to understand how children acquire language(s) and why they produce certain structures the way they do.
Language is one of the means by which people communicate.With language, human relationships can form.These relationships are between people, individuals, and groups.As stated by Gorys (1997) in Devianty (2018) language is a means of communication between members of the community in the form of a symbol of sound produced by the speech organ.Language also as a code it means Code as system of communication is defined as languages of variety of language.As stated by Wardhaugh, (2006) code can defined as a system used for communication between two or more parties used on any occasion.When two or more people communicate with each other in conversation, we can call the system of communication that they employ a code.We use language as a social being to share information, show how we feel, tell others what we are thinking, and connect with other people.Therefore, language is inseparable from human existence, as humans cannot communicate and interact without it.
According to the information in Kemendikbud (2021) in Indonesia, the mother tongue or local language is the main language, while second and foreign languages are learned in both formal and informal settings.Learning a second and foreign language is motivated by political, economic, and educational reasons.As stated by Saville-Troike (2012) motivation for learning a second language may arise from the following situations: invasion of one's country with the use of another language, contact with speakers of other languages in economic or other specific domains, immigration to a country where the use of a language other than one's L1 is required, adoption of religious beliefs and practices which involve use of another language, to pursue educational experiences where access requires proficiency in another language, to desire for occupational or social advancement which is furthered by knowledge of another language, and interest in knowing more about people of other cultures and having access to their technologies or literature.
For people who are learning a second or foreign language such as in school, both teacher and students will face some constraints in the teaching and learning process.Because of that, the use of a language switch, also known as codeswitching, and a language mix, also known as code-mixing, are inevitable to use in the teaching and learning process.In a study, Tyas et al (2021) mentioned that students find it difficult to understand what the teachers explain, they commonly switch languages to their native language which is easier to be learned and understood.Furthermore, Ansar (2017) also stated that in our daily life, we will face different societies with different languages.It makes it possible for to us facing the problem of communication in different situations.
Code-switching is a phenomenon that exists in bilingual societies where people could use two or more languages to communicate.Being able to speak more than one language, bilinguals can code-switch and use their languages as resources to find better ways to convey meaning.Jamshidi & Navehebrahim (2013) defined code-switching as: "the alternation of two languages within a single discourse, sentence, or constituent.Furthermore, there are some functions of code-switching stated by Bullock & Toribio (2009) those are filling linguistic gaps, expressing ethnic identity, and achieving particular discursive aims.Furthermore, Malmaker in Puri, (2014) distinguishes this mixture of linguistic systems into two (1) code switching that is switches from one language to another languages in speech or conversation, (2) Code mixing (interference) that is when use the elements of language from one special language through into another languages.
Code-mixing and code-switching are a phenomenon that occurs in bilingual societies where people may communicate in two or more languages.Having the ability to speak more than one language, bilinguals can mix their languages to find more efficient ways to convey meaning.We cannot ignore the occurrence of code-mixing in daily communications.Refer to Malmaker in Sofia et al (2022) stated that distinguishes this mixture of linguistic systems into two; codeswitching which switches from one language to another language in speech or conversation.Code-mixing (interference) is when using the elements of language from one special language through to another language.
Another statement came from Van Herk (2012) code switching, and code-mixing are alternates between two languages or language varieties in a single conversation across sentence or clause boundaries.According to Poplack (1980) in Astani et al (2020), there are three types of code-switching, namely inter-sentential switching, emblematic (tag switching), and intrasentential switching.Furthermore, Hoffman (1991) stated that code-mixing refers to a switch occurring at the lexical level, Hoffman also divides code-mixing into three types, there are three types of code-mixing: intra-sentential codemixing, Intra lexical code-mixing, and Involving pronunciation changes.
Intra sentential code mixing this kind of code mixing occurs within a phrase, a clause, or a sentence boundary, as when a IndonesianEnglish bilingual says: "You are so beutifull dengan baju itu".Another example "di jaman now, Speaking English mixing with Bahasa sudah jadi hal lumrah".Intra lexical code mixing this kind of code mixing occurs within a word boundary.The example of this types is "sebenarnya project ini sangat mudah untuk dikerjakan".Involving pronunciation changesm of code mixing this kind of code mixing occurs at the phonological level, as when Indonesian people say an English word, but modify it to Indonesian phonological structure.For instance, the word 'strawberry' is said to be 'stroberi' by Indonesian people.
In code-mixing, there are some reasons and factors influencing of code-mixing.Referring to Hoffman (1991), there are a number of reasons for using code-mixing and code-switching in conversation.The reasons are analyzed as follows: talking about a particular topic, quoting somebody else, being emphatic about something, interjection, repetition used for clarification, intention of clarifying the speech and expressing group identity.
Furthermore, the factors influencing of code mixing that are factor internal and external.There are some factors influ-encing of code mixing: internal and external factor.In the internal factors there are low frequency words, pernicious homonym, and synonym.Furthermore, for external factor there there are the development of knowledge and new culture, social value, oversight Weinreich (1979).From these definitions, it is evident that code-switching and code-mixing are distinct.
This study is worth investigating since preliminary results show that the mixing between two or more languages in the same conversation is a common phenomenon in this modern era.The use of code-mixing is common everywhere, at schools, workplaces, college campuses, newspapers, and electronic media such as television, radio, social media, youtube, and podcast.It happened although it also occurs in formal and informal settings.Furthermore, many people, particularly entertainers and also people in government such as our Minister of Education, Culture, Research, And Technology of Indonesia Nadiem Anwar Makarim also used code-mixing on his choosen youtube video also use codemixing.In order to be accepted by social groups, many people today mix languages when they talk.This is typically the result of following trends, and code-mixing can also occur as a result of language limitations (in that language, there is no appropriate equivalent).It requires the speaker to explain his meaning in another language.The unavailability of expressions in the language being used is the cause of code-mixing.One of the things that allows humans to adopt several languages is their environments.
Some studies have been conducted in the field of code-mixing.For example, Fitria, (2021) found 182 code-mixing written by an Australian Youtuber in his Instagram "Londo Kampung".The result is from 182 code-mixing found in Instagram captions, Insertion of the word shows 114 data which consist of word class of noun and adjective.In insertion of hybrid shows 36 data, such as in insertion suffix both in Indonesian and Javanese, also prefix both in Indonesian and Javanese.In phrase shows 14 data which consist of the noun phrase and adjective phrases.In insertion of the clause shows 12 data, and in repetition shows 6 data which consist independent clause.
Next study from Raflis (2021) the purpose of this research is to divide the types and explain code mixing based on reasons and factors.And the result is After collecting all the data, the researcher found 257 utterances that contain of code-mixing.Code mixing contained in the insertion there were 158 data, 81 data of alternation, 18 data of congruent lexicalization.Talking about particular topic there were 3 data, empathy about something there were 4 data, repetition used clarificarion there were 12 data.Message intrinsic factor 2 data.
Furthermore, Perlina & Agustinah (2022) found out the types and the reasons for codemixing performed by Gita Savitri Devi with the theory from Hoffman.The results showed there were three types of code-mixing that are found in the video.intra-sentential code-mixing, intra lexical code-mixing and involving a change of pronunciation.Furthermore, the writers also find three reasons why code-mixing is utilized, among others are: (1) talking about a particular topic; (2) being empathetic or emotional about something, and (3) repetition used for clarification.
Furthermore, by using the theory of Musyken and Hoffman, Wulandari et al (2021) found out the reason and the types of codemixing.They found out the types of code-mixing, such as insertion, alternation, and congruent lexicalization.Also, they found the reasons of code-mixing, such as being emphatic about something (express solidarity), interjection, repetition used for clarification, and expressing group identity.
Furthermore, Nuraeni (2022) investigated the three types of code-mixing on Boy Wiliam's Youtube channel.The result of this study it was there are three types and dominant to used of code-mixing in her study; there are intrasentential 61 with the percentage (78%), 9 intra lexical (9%), and 8 involving a change of pronunciation (8%).From the data before the dominant type of code-mixing that is used is intra-sentential code-mixing.
The previous studies above have similarity with this research.They mostly describe about the functions and the types of the use of code mixing whether it is in social media, youtube and second language classroom or foreign language classroom.But all the researchers above agree that is existence of code mixing in the language classroom or daily live should not be evaded or denied.It can be a good device in maintaining classroom interaction and developing the students' awareness about the similarity and difference between the mother tongue and foreign language.Meanwhile, this research is focused on the use of code mixing used by Nadiem Makarim in his video on youtube.Besides that, this research is not only to find out about the types of code mixing, but also reasons which triggered, and factors influencing him in used of code mixing in his podcast.
In this study, the researchers were interested in investigating the code-mixing used by Nadiem Makarim by using the theory from Hoffman (1991) and Weinreich (1979).Therefore, this study intends to fill the gap by analyzing the types and factors of code-mixing because most researchers in the previous study focused on the types and reasons of code-mixing use theory by Musyken and Hoffman.To infer, this study aimed to analyze the code-mixing used by Nadiem Makarim in his conversation on his video on youtube.The outcomes of this research are expected to be meaningful descriptions of the existence of code-mixing.Therefore, it is expected to raise the teachers' and students' awareness about the use of code-mixing is unavoidable in daily conversation, with the example of the video from with Nadiem Makarim as the object and to analyze the use of code-mixing used by him.
The second, it is expected to find out most common types of code-mixing occurring in video on youtube used by Nadiem Makarim in his conversation and the function of code-mixing appears in his video and it is expected to describe common factor triggered code-mixing in Nadiem Makarim conversation on youtube video.
The third, this study is also expected to be meaningful information for the further research in the future for the better understanding of the use of code-mixing.and it can be support in our daily converstaion especially in the teaching and learning processes.

METHOD
In this present study, descriptive qualitative method was considered as the most appropriate research design to be adopted.Furthermore, it is used to sets out to explain the aspects of the use of code-mixing used by Nadiem Anwar Makarim, who is the Minister of Education and Culture in Indonesia.This study applied a qualitative approach since it deals with the natural phenomenon and the data analysis by using the descriptive qualitative method.The data was transcribed into a written transcript, identified, selected, and classified based on the analyzing needs relevant to the topic of the research by using the mode from Huberman & Miles (1994) through the following steps: data reduction, data description, data display classification and verification.
This research conducted on youtube video with Nadiem Makarim's utterances as the object study to analyze.Nadiem Makarim served as the participant of this study.The present study aimed to analyze the types and the factors influencing of code-mixing used by Nadiem Anwar Makarim as Minister of Education, Culture, Research and Technology of Indonesia on youtube video.The transcript of the uttarnces of Nadiem Makarim purposefully explored to accomplish the objective of the study.The role of the researcher in this present study was collector and analyze of the data.Since, as the individual research the researcher as the main researcher.In this study, the researcher was collected the data of types, and the factors of code mixing from Nadiem Makarim's utterances.
This study was through a number of steps during data collection.Firstly, all the data applied in this present study were downloaded from YouTube and observed the utterances used by Nadiem Makarim.Then, the data was obtained through the observation by video-recording or audio recording to investigate the use code mixing and find out the types, reasons, and factors of code mixing.The next step, the data transcribed the utterances into written transcript data who gathered from the video and audio.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
In this study, the researchers analyzed the utterances that contained the types of codemixing, were then classified the finding into three parts and they are intra-sentential code-mixing, intra-lexical code-mixing, and involving a change of pronunciation.The results are below: The Types of Code-mixing Used By Nadiem Anwar Makarim Intra-sentential code-mixing Intra-sentential code-mixing is the types of code-mixing that occurs within a phrase, clause or a sentence boundary.The researcher found intra-sentential code-mixing in utterances used by Nadiem Makarim.

Example of data:
Pak Gita tahu orang Indonesia itu merasa mereka berhak mendapatkan selfie itu kayak fundamental human right-nya mereka.(Mr. Gita knows that Indonesians feel they have the right to take selfies, like it's a fundamental human right) In example data above, there are two languages used by Nadiem Makarim when he was on Youtube Channel.It was Indonesian and English language.This utter-ance belongs to intra-sentential code-mixing because it happens within a phrase, clause, a noun in one sentence boundary.In data 8, we found the Utterance "Selfie and Fundamental human right "as the intra-sentential code-mixing.

Intra lexical Code-mixing
Intra lexical code-mixing is the types of code-mixing occurs within a word boundary, and from the conversation from Nadiem Makarim, researcher also found lexical code-mixing used by Nadiem Makarim.
("Minister, that doesn't seem like a good idea, in my opinion.Try to think about it more maturely, than that."The faces of the directors general and director general immediately drop, that there could be a discussion not only saying no to the minister but instead saying the minister's idea was not good.) From the example data number above contains about types of code-mixing, that is intra lexical codemixing because the utterance is occurs within a word boundary in the word "Drop".Drop itself is the condition when the people feel worried about something that is right or wrong.

Involving a Change of Pronouncation
Furthermore, the last types of code-mixing are involving a change of pro-nounciation.This kind of code-mixing occurs at the phonological level, as when Indonesian people say an English word, but modify it to Indonesian phonological structure.
(One of our transformations is for the Teacher Training Programme, which is one year of training before becoming a teacher. That's what we lock now in the programme at the Ministry of Education and Culture; we make the entrance test more difficult and the final test more difficult, so we lock that one year.) In example data above there are types of code-mixing.This kind of types of code-mixing that is involving a change pronounciation.Nadiem said transformation is Transformesi.in English is not Transformesi but Transformation and in Bahasa is transformasi.
From the example of data that mention before, intra-sentential code-mixing became most dominant of code-mixing used by Nadiem Makarim 90 the data with percentages 52%.The second type of code-mixing used by Nadiem on his youtube video it was intra lexical codemixing.Total data from this type 81 with the percentages 47%.The last types of code-mixing used by Nadiem Makarim it was involving change a pronounciation.The total data from this type 2 with the percentages 1%.

The Factors Influencing Code-mixing Used by Nadiem Anwar Makarim
The finding about factors influencing of code-mixing used theory from Weinreich (1979).He stated that there are some factors influencing code-mixing: internal and external factor.In the internal factors there are low frequency words, pernicious homonym, and synonym.Furthermore, for external factor there there are the development of knowledge and new culture, social value, oversight.

Internal Factors
There are some internal factors found in this study, namely low frequency words, pernicious homonym, and synonym.

Low Frequency Words
Low frequency words mean that the word in another language is easier to remember and the sense of the word is more stable.
(You can call to leadership as two-pointo (2.0).How can we, as leaders in this new period, change the way we think?Because of this, leaders must have the bravery to be questioned and introgated.As a result, even though I may just talk for 5 to 10 minutes, the ladies and gentlemen will directly question me.) Low frequency of words is the using of borrowing words from other lan-guages terms than Indonesian language terms which are rare to hear for complet-ing the meaning.A person used code-mixing because the words are often used, it is easier to remember than using it in own language.
For that statement above, Nadiem chooses 'two-point-o' than the term in Indonesian language.It is easy to hear the term 'two-point-o'.We are more fre-quently hear 'two-point-o' than "Dua titik Nol" in Bahasa Indonesia.

Pernicious Homonym
In case to avoid the ambiguity, people borrow other languages terms.If the speaker uses the word from his own language, it can make a homonymy prob-lem.
In case to avoid the ambiguity, Nadiem borrows other languages terms.It means that when Nadiem Makarim use Bahasa Indonesia words, it could make a homonym problem.For that statement, the word "Feedback" in Bahasa Indonesia means "umpan balik".If Nadiem used it in that sentence, the audiences will be confused with the meaning.In Indonesia, the word of "umpan balik" is usually has different meaning because it is used to describe about football or any sports purposes.

Synonym
The using of other languages is to soften the meaning.But the researcher did not find the utterance from Nadiem Makarim's that contained about this internal factor.

External Factors
There are some external factors identified in this study, such as the development of knowledge and new culture, social value, and oversight.

The Development of Knowledge and New Culture
The development of new culture makes emergences of new terminologies in some fields, example automotive, fashion, medicine etc.They usually are not the word from mother tongue.
Example of data Tapi kalau kita melihat kayak kotak-kota di Indonesia itu menyamai be-berapa kota-kota di Eropa.Kalau kita melihat skor PISA-nya Jakarta dan Jogja, itu sama dengan beberapa kota-kota, mungkin kota kecil ya, di Eropa.From the data above the word of PISA it means Programme for International Student Assessment is an international assessment that measures 15-year-old stu-dents' reading, mathematics, and science literacy every 3 years.First conducted in 2000, the major domain of study rotates between reading, mathematics, and science in each cycle.

Social Value
People use other languages to show their social status.The speaker takes the word from other languages by considering social factor.But the researcher does not found the utterance from Nadiem Makarim's that contained about this external factor.

Oversight
The using other languages is caused people have the limit of words to complete their sentence.Many kinds of field of fashion, automotive, business, sports, etc have the terminologies from another language that make the speaker difficult to find similar word in speaker's language.But the researcher does not found the utterance from Nadiem Makarim's that contained about this external factor.
This section discusses the finding of data analysis.On this occasion, the researcher discusses about the types of code-mixing: intrasentential, intra lexical, and involving change a pronounciation and factors influencing of codemixing that is internal and external factors.The researchers used Nadiem Makarim utterances as the object of the study.
Based on the finding of this research, the questions are about the types and the factors of code-mixing that have been found in Nadiem Makarim utterances on his youtube video.In analyzing the problem, the researcher uses the theory from (Hoffman, 1991) for the types of code-mixing.And the theory is covered three types of code-mixing, they are intra-sentential code-mixing, intra lexical code-mixing and involving a change of pronunciation.Furthermore, the factors of code-mixing uses theory from (Weinreich, 1979) there are two factors internal and external factors.
The results of this research, the researcher found 90 utterance intra-sentential code-mixing from Nadiem Makarim utterances.The researcher also found 81 utterances intra lexical code-mixing and 2 utterances involving a change of pronunciation in Nadiem Makarim video.
Furthermore, the results from the factors are 15 number of data from the internal factors and 3 number of data for external factors.
In short, in order to complete this discussion, the researcher hopes that the finding of this present study has a good contribution to society, especially someone who is doing comunication with the other people in certain place and event and for the teacher and students.He/she can practice when they used more than one language to communicate with each other.Besides that, the researchers also hopes that this present study can help the reader to develop their knowledge for understanding about the field study of code-mixing or code switching in sociolinguistics.
In this study, the researcher gives several suggestions to the readers as students, English users and the next researchers.For students, the researchers hopes that the result of this discovery can provide many benefits, especially in term of increasing their knowledge of sociolinguistics study and teaching and learning process about second and foreign languages.

CONCLUSION
Based on the analysis in the chapter before, the conversation sometimes is used code-mixing.And from finding and disscusion chapter, the researchers can conclude that the most dominant types of code-mixing that used by Nadiem Makarim it was Intra-sentential code-mixing.most dominant of code-mixing used by Nadiem Makarim 90 the data with percentages 54%.The second type of code-mixing used by Nadiem on his podcast it was intra lexical code-mixing.Total data from this type 15 with the percentages 41%.The last types of code-mixing used by Nadiem Makarim it was involving change a pronounciation.The total data from this type 2 with the percentages 5%.Furthermore, for the factors of code-mixing the internal factors most frequently used by Nadiem Makarim.In addition, for the next researcher, the researchers hopes that they should be more in this matter.And they can use the other objects in spoken language.the last, the next researcher can use another theory about code-mixing and discuss it more, because this research is still vey short in analyzing about code-mixing.