Trapping MBD5 to understand 2q23.1 microdeletion syndrome

Despite genetic evidence implicating MBD5 as the only overlapping gene between various 2q23.1 microdeletions, the function of MBD5 and its causality to 2q23.1 microdeletion syndrome, a disorder characterized by developmental delay and autistic features, has yet to be determined. In this issue of EMBO Molecular Medicine, Camarena et al generate an Mbd5 gene-trap mouse model and show for the first time that mice with reduced MBD5 expression develop behavioral abnormalities with neuronal function deficits, mimicking symptoms in 2q23.1 microdeletion syndrome, thus supporting a causal role for MBD5 haploinsufficiency in the disorder.


Deborah Y Kwon & Zhaolan Zhou
Despite genetic evidence implicating MBD5 as the only overlapping gene between various 2q23.1 microdeletions, the function of MBD5 and its causality to 2q23.1 microdeletion syndrome, a disorder characterized by developmental delay and autistic features, has yet to be determined.  (Wu et al, 2011). Previous studies demonstrated that loss of the proteins that serve to read and interpret DNA methylation has deleterious effects and been linked to several neurodevelopmental disorders. Mutations in MBD1, MBDs 3 to 6, SETDB1, and SETDB2 have been genetically implicated in autism (https://gene.sfari.org), and mutations in MECP2 are responsible for Rett syndrome, a neurodevelopmental disorder that shares features with autism (Chahrour & Zoghbi, 2007). Notably, mutations in MBD5 have been estimated to contribute to up to 1% of all autism spectrum disorder cases (Talkowski et al, 2011). However, the function of MBD5 and its mechanism of action remain virtually unknown.
In this issue, Camarena and colleagues set out to test the functional significance of MBD5 and its relationship to 2q23.1 microdeletion syndrome (Camarena et al, 2014). The expression pattern of murine Mbd5 was found to be similar to that of human MBD5, and both are expressed in multiple isoforms in the brain. To examine the phenotypic consequences of Mbd5 deficiency, the authors generated an Mbd5 gene-trap mouse (Mbd5 GT ), in which a genetrap cassette was inserted into intron 2 of Mbd5 in order to disrupt protein production.
This inclusion also allowed them to use X-gal as a proxy to examine MBD5 expression at a cellular level. Interestingly, they observed high X-gal expression in early embryonic stages that was primarily limited to neurons. Unexpectedly, the gene-trap cassette did not completely disrupt the production of fulllength To determine whether MBD5 reduction in mice could recapitulate some of the clinical manifestations characteristic of 2q23.1 microdeletion syndrome, Mbd5 +/GT mice were subjected to a battery of physical and behavioral tests. Remarkably, their mutant mice developed a phenotype reminiscent of the impairments seen in 2q23.1 microdeletion syndrome patients. Mbd5 +/GT mice were found to be smaller than their wild-type littermates and many developed craniofacial abnormalities resulting from the irregular growth of the nasal bone. Behavioral analysis of the mutant mice revealed an array of discernible abnormali- To address how reduced expression of MBD5 might cause the observed neurological phenotypes, Camerena and colleagues cultured cortical neurons isolated from Mbd5 +/GT embryos and observed a distinct cellular phenotype. Neurite length and branching in Mbd5 +/GT neurons were reduced compared to neurons from wildtype mice, suggesting a role for MBD5 in proper neuronal development. To ascertain how MBD5 might be functioning, the authors took a reporter approach and performed a luciferase assay, finding that MBD5 could act as a transcriptional activator. Consistent with this result, immunocytochemistry experiments showed that MBD5 localizes to non-heterochromatin regions of the nucleus, in contrast to heterochromatinassociated MeCP2, an MBD family member known to mediate gene silencing. Although their approach is limited in reflecting the endogenous function of MBD5, these findings suggest that MBD5 may act differently from other MBDs in regulating downstream gene activity.
Taken together, the authors of this paper have developed a valuable genetic tool with the potential to dissect the pathogenic mechanisms of 2q23.1 microdeletion syndrome. Their mouse model is also useful in studying the function of MBD5, of which very little is known despite its clinical relevance. How MBD5 may activate gene transcription to influence neuronal maturation and contribute to the behavioral phenotypes observed in Mbd5 +/GT mice has yet to be determined, although their model is one significant step in advancing our knowledge of this devastating disorder. Interestingly, both duplications and deletions in MBD5 have been linked to neurodevelopmental abnormalities (Mullegama et al, 2014). Likewise, deletions and duplications of MECP2 give rise to the neurodevelopmental disorders, Rett Syndrome and MECP2 Duplication Syndrome (Chahrour & Zoghbi, 2007), suggesting that proper dosage of MBD genes is critical for normal neurological development. This observed dosage effect would determine how future therapies are developed, as attaining a precise amount is of critical importance.
In addition to the brain, MBD5 is also expressed in peripheral tissues, particularly in the heart and kidney. The generation of conditional knockouts is needed to further delineate the function of MBD5 in these specific tissues and may circumvent the perinatal lethality seen in homozygous-null animals. Understanding the downstream effect of MBD5 haploinsufficiency is another significant challenge. Given that MBD5 is highly expressed in neurons, the identification of its downstream gene targets is a considerably difficult task due to the complex cellular heterogeneity of the brain. Thus, future work is needed to establish how MBD5 functions in each neuronal type and to determine which are most vulnerable to its loss or overexpression. These studies may shed light not only on the cellular origins of 2q23.1 microdeletion syndrome but also other related neurodevelopmental disorders and may provide much needed avenues of therapeutic development.