Abstract
This article examines interactional spontaneous humorous remarks (ocurrencias) in Spanish. 680 hours of natural conversational data from a group of Colombian graduate students were collected and transcribed using observational methods from an ethnographic approach. By examining conversational joking among participants, this study provides a detailed description of humorous remarks forms and functions within social interactions in informal contexts. Results show that participants use humorous remarks to both establish their own hierarchical position in the group, as well as regulate their relationships and the interaction itself. Therefore, it is argued that beyond humor, these remarks play a role as discourse markers since they guide the process of meaning and identity construction by the subjects.
Anexo 1
Convenciones usadas en las transcripciones
Con algunas modificaciones, las convenciones usadas se basan fundamentalmente en Jefferson (2004), mejor conocido como “Jefferson Transcription System.”
( ) | =Indica un segmento no comprensible del discurso producido. |
(palabra) | =Indica un segmento que en algunos casos es difícil de comprender. La versión en paréntesis indica la mejor aproximación que la investigadora pudo entender. |
[ ] | =Paréntesis cuadrados indican fragmentos que se sobreponen en la interacción. |
[riendo] | =Explicaciones entre paréntesis cuadrados indican notas para aclarar el contexto o expresiones paralingüísticas que acompañan el discurso. |
=palabra | |
palabra = | =El signo igual indica que no hay pausa entre lo que dicen dos hablantes |
Palabra | |
Palabra | =Indican interrupción del discurso por parte de algún participante. |
Palabra | |
Palabra | =Indica simultaneidad en la producción de dos discursos. |
/ | =Indica una brusca interrupción en el discurso de un participante de la interacción. |
: | =Indica alargamiento. |
:: | =Doble alargamiento. |
→ | =Indica a quién el interlocutor se dirige específicamente. |
¡¡palabra!! | =Indica énfasis en la exclamación que se produce. |
MAYÚSCULAS | =Indican que lo dicho se produce en voz alta, casi gritando. |
((risas)) | =Indican la intensidad de las risas |
Ocurrencia | =Todas las ocurrencias se transcriben en itálicas y negritas. |
Referencias
Alvarado, Belén. 2012. Una propuesta de estudio para el humor en la conversación coloquial. Estudios de Lingüística. Universidad de Alicante 26. 7–28.10.14198/ELUA2012.26.01Search in Google Scholar
Alvarado, Belén. 2013. An approach to verbal humor in interaction. Procedia: Social and Behavioral Sciences 95. 594–603.10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.10.687Search in Google Scholar
Alvarado, Belén. 2015. Humour in colloquial conversation. European Journal of Humour Research 3(1). 22–40.10.7592/EJHR2015.3.1.alvardoortegaSearch in Google Scholar
Alvarado, Belén. 2016. Descortesía y humor fallido en conversaciones entre hombres y mujeres. Pragmática Sociocultural 4(2). 243–267.10.1515/soprag-2016-0005Search in Google Scholar
Álvarez, Manuel. 2015. La caricatura antes de la caricatura. Una arqueología del humor gráfico desde la Prehistoria. Versión. Estudios de Comunicación y Política 35. 100–113.Search in Google Scholar
Amancio-da-Silva, Antonio. 2015. Tin Tan y Oscarito: Humor y política en el cine de México y Brasil. Versión. Estudios de Comunicación y Política 35. 11–19.Search in Google Scholar
Archakis, Argiris & Villy Tsakona. 2005. Analyzing conversational data in GTVH terms: A new approach to the issue of identity construction via humor. Humor 18(1). 41–68.10.1515/humr.2005.18.1.41Search in Google Scholar
Arroyo, Claudia. 2015. El humor en el cine mexicano de los años noventa. Entrevista con Rubén Olachea-Pérez. Versión. Estudios de Comunicación Y Política 35. 160–171.10.25009/blj.v0i3.1980Search in Google Scholar
Attardo, Salvatore. 1994. Linguistic theories of humor. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Search in Google Scholar
Attardo, Salvatore. 2001a. Humorous texts: A semantic and pragmatic analysis. Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter.10.1515/9783110887969Search in Google Scholar
Attardo, Salvatore. 2001b. Humor and irony in interaction: From mode adoption to failure of detection. In Luigi Anolli, Rita Ciceri & Giuseppe Riva (eds.), Say not to say: New perspectives on miscommunication, 166–186. Amsterdan: IOS.Search in Google Scholar
Aubrey, Jennifer & Kristen Harrison. 2004. The gender-role content of children’s favorite television programs and its links to their gender-related perceptions. Media Psychology 6(2). 111–146.10.1207/s1532785xmep0602_1Search in Google Scholar
Bauman, Richard. 1992. Folklore, cultural performances and popular entertainments. New York: Oxford University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Baxter, Leslie. 1992. Forms and functions of intimate play in personal relationships. Human Communication Research 18. 336–363.10.1111/j.1468-2958.1992.tb00556.xSearch in Google Scholar
Beeman, William. 2000. Humor. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 9(1–2). 103–106.10.1525/jlin.1999.9.1-2.103Search in Google Scholar
Bourdieu, Pierre. 1994. Language and symbolic power. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Bourdieu, Pierre & Loïc Wacquant. 2005. Una invitación a la sociología reflexiva. Buenos Aires: Siglo XXI.Search in Google Scholar
Boxer, Diana. 2004. Studying speaking to inform second language learning: A conceptual overview. In Diana Boxer & Andrew Cohen (eds.), Studying speaking to inform second language learning, 3–24. Buffalo: Multilingual Matters Ltd.Search in Google Scholar
Boxer, Diana & Florencia Cortés-Conde 1997 From bonding to biting: Conversational joking and identity display. Journal of Pragmatics 27. 275–294.10.1016/S0378-2166(96)00031-8Search in Google Scholar
Brighenti, Andrea. 2007. Visibility. A category for the social sciences. Current Sociology 55(3). 323–342.10.1177/0011392107076079Search in Google Scholar
Briz, Antonio. 2006. La segmentación de una conversación en diálogos. Oralia: Análisis del discurso oral 9. 45–72.10.25115/oralia.v9i1.8191Search in Google Scholar
Brône, Geert & Kurt Feyaerts. 2003. The cognitive linguistics of incongruity resolution: Marked reference-point structures in humor. Preprint 205. Leuven: University of Leuven, Linguistics Department.Search in Google Scholar
Brône, Geert & Kurt Feyaerts. 2004. Assessing the SSTH and GTVH: A view from cognitive linguistics. Humor 17(4). 361–372.10.1515/humr.2004.17.4.361Search in Google Scholar
Brown, Penelope & Stephen C. Levinson. 1987. Politeness: Some universals in language usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511813085Search in Google Scholar
Buijzen, Moniec & Patti Valkenburg. 2004. Developing a typology of humor in audiovisual media. Media Psychology 6(2). 147–167.10.1207/s1532785xmep0602_2Search in Google Scholar
Cann, Arnie & Lawrence Calhoun. 2001. Perceived personality associations with differences in sense of humor: Stereotypes of hypothetical others with high or low senses of humor. Humor 14. 117–130.10.1515/humr.14.2.117Search in Google Scholar
Capps, Donald. 2006. Religion and humor: Estranged bedfellows. Pastoral Psychology 54(5). 413–438.10.1007/s11089-005-0008-8Search in Google Scholar
Carranza, Aurelia. 2010. The faces of humor: Humor as catalyst of face in the context of the British and the Spanish parliament. Humor 23(4). 467–504.10.1515/humr.2010.022Search in Google Scholar
Carrell, Amy. 2008. Historical views of humor. In Victor Raskin (ed.), The primer of humor research, 303–332. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.10.1515/9783110198492.303Search in Google Scholar
Christensen, James. 1963. Utani: Joking, sexual license and social obligations among the Luguru. American Anthropologist 65. 1314–1327.10.1525/aa.1963.65.6.02a00060Search in Google Scholar
Cicourel, Aaron. 1987. The interpenetration of communicative contexts: Examples from medical encounters. Social Psychology Quarterly 50(2). 217–226.10.2307/2786753Search in Google Scholar
Cohen, Ted. 1999. Jokes: Philosophical thoughts on joking matters. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.10.7208/chicago/9780226112329.001.0001Search in Google Scholar
Collinson, David. 2002. Managing humour. Journal of Management Studies 39. 269–288.10.1111/1467-6486.00292Search in Google Scholar
Cooper, Cecily. 2005. Just joking around? Employee humor expression as an ingratiatory behavior. Academy of Management Review 30(4). 765–776.10.5465/amr.2005.18378877Search in Google Scholar
Coseriu, Eugenio. 1987. Lenguaje y política. En Manuel Alvar Ezquerra (coord.), El lenguaje político, 9–31. Madrid: Fundación Friedrich Ebert.Search in Google Scholar
Crawford, Mary. 2003. Gender humor in social context. Journal of Pragmatics 35. 1413–1430.10.1016/S0378-2166(02)00183-2Search in Google Scholar
Cutting, Joan. 2000. Analysing the language of discourse communities. Amsterdam: Elsevier.10.1163/9780585473802Search in Google Scholar
Dmitriev, Anatolii. 2014. Humor and politics. Russian Social Science Review 49(1). 53–89.10.1080/10611428.2008.11065281Search in Google Scholar
Duranti, Alessandro (ed.). 2001. Linguistic anthropology: A reader. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.Search in Google Scholar
Escobar, Aliber. 2015. Monty Python: Comedia, crítica y política. Versión. Estudios de Comunicación y Política 35. 85–99.Search in Google Scholar
Fowler, Roger. 1985. Power. In Teun Van Dijk (ed.), Handbook of discourse analysis, vol. 4, 61–82. London: Academic Press.Search in Google Scholar
Fraticelli, Damián. 2015. Lo risible en los programas cómicos. Una tipología del chiste, lo cómico, la chanza y el humor televisivos. Versión. Estudios de Comunicación y Política 35. 75–84.Search in Google Scholar
Fuki, Nakai. 2002. The role of cultural influences in Japanese communication: A literature review on social and situational factors and Japanese indirectness. Intercultural Communication Studies 14. 99–122.Search in Google Scholar
Garfinkel, Harold. 1967. Studies in ethnomethodology. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.Search in Google Scholar
Goffman, Erving. 1971. Relations in public. New York: Basic Books.Search in Google Scholar
Goodwin, Charles. 1993. Recording human interaction in natural settings. Pragmatics 3(2). 181–209.10.1075/prag.3.2.05gooSearch in Google Scholar
Gumperz, John. 1992. Contextualization and understanding. In Alessandro Duranti & Charles Goodwin (eds.), Rethinking context: Language as an interactive phenomenon, 229–252. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Habib, Rania. 2008. Humor and disagreement: Identity construction and cross-cultural enrichment. Journal of Pragmatics 40(6). 1117–1145.10.1016/j.pragma.2008.02.005Search in Google Scholar
Hall, Stephen, Larry Keeter & Jennifer Williamson. 1993. Toward an understanding of humor as popular culture in American society. Journal of American Culture 16(2). 1–6.10.1111/j.1542-734X.1993.00001.xSearch in Google Scholar
Hay, Jennifer. 2000. Functions of humor in the conversations of men and women. Journal of Pragmatics 32. 709–742.10.1016/S0378-2166(99)00069-7Search in Google Scholar
Hay, Jennifer. 2001. The pragmatics of humor support. Humor 14(1). 55–82.10.1515/humr.14.1.55Search in Google Scholar
Holmes, Janet. 2000. Politeness, power and provocation: How humour functions in the workplace. Discourse Studies 2. 159–185.10.1177/1461445600002002002Search in Google Scholar
Holmes, Janet. 2006. Sharing a laugh: Pragmatic aspects of humor and gender in the workplace. Journal of Pragmatics 38. 26–50.10.1016/j.pragma.2005.06.007Search in Google Scholar
Holmes, Janet & Meredith Marra. 2002. Over the edge? Subversive humor between colleagues and friends. Humor 15(1). 65–87.10.1515/humr.2002.006Search in Google Scholar
Hymes, Dell. 1974. Foundations in sociolinguistics. An ethnographic approach. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Search in Google Scholar
Irvine, Judith. 1979. Formality and informality in Communicative Events. American Anthropologist 81(4). 773–790.10.1525/aa.1979.81.4.02a00020Search in Google Scholar
Jefferson, Gail. 2004. Glossary of transcript symbols with an introduction. In Gene Lerner (ed.), Conversation analysis: Studies from the first generation, 13–31. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.10.1075/pbns.125.02jefSearch in Google Scholar
Jiang, Xiao. 2007. Adolescent social visibility at school and its gender-differentiated implications for psychological well-being. Tesis Doctoral. Universidad of California-Los Angeles.Search in Google Scholar
Kiesling, Scott. 2006. Hegemonic identity-making in narrative. In Anna De-Fina, Deborah Schiffrin & Michael Bamberg (eds.), Discourse and identity, 261–287. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511584459.014Search in Google Scholar
Kotthoff, Helga. 2000. Gender and joking: On the complexities of women’s image politics in humorous narratives. Journal of Pragmatics 32(1). 55–80.10.1016/S0378-2166(99)00031-4Search in Google Scholar
Lefcourt, Herbert. 2001. Humor: The psychology of living buoyantly. New York: Kluwer Academic.10.1007/978-1-4615-4287-2Search in Google Scholar
Martin, Rod & Nicholas Kuiper. 1999. Daily occurrence of laughter: Relationships with age, gender, and type A personality. Humor 12(4). 355–384.10.1515/humr.1999.12.4.355Search in Google Scholar
Martineau, William. 1972. A model of the social functions of humor. In Jeffrey Goldstein & Paul McGhee (eds.), The psychology of humor, 101–125. New York: Academic Press.10.1016/B978-0-12-288950-9.50011-0Search in Google Scholar
Martínez, Juan. 2015. La audiodescripción del humor. Un enfoque descriptivo y pragmático. Versión. Estudios de Comunicación y Política 35. 59–74.Search in Google Scholar
Moody, Stephen. 2014. ‘Well, I’m a Gaijin:’ Constructing identity through English and humor in the international workplace. Journal of Pragmatics 60. 75–88.10.1016/j.pragma.2013.11.001Search in Google Scholar
Moreno-del-Río, Carmelo. 2015. Reírse de uno y/o reírse de otros. La compleja relación (política) entre el humor étnico y la diversidad social. Versión. Estudios de Comunicación y Política 35. 114–129.Search in Google Scholar
Norrick, Neal. 1993. Conversational joking: Humor in everyday talk. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Partington, Alan. 2006. The linguistics of laughter. A corpus-assisted study of laughter-talk. New York: Routledge.10.4324/9780203966570Search in Google Scholar
Queen, Robin. 2005. How many lesbians does it take … : Jokes, teasing, and the negotiation of stereotypes about lesbians. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 15(2). 239–257.10.1525/jlin.2005.15.2.239Search in Google Scholar
Raskin, Victor. 1985. Semantic mechanisms of humor. Dordrecht: Reidel.10.1007/978-94-009-6472-3Search in Google Scholar
Rees, Charlotte & Lynn Monrouxe. 2010. “I should be lucky ha ha ha ha:” The construction of power, identity and gender through laughter within medical workplace learning encounters. Journal of Pragmatics 42. 3384–3399.10.1016/j.pragma.2010.05.004Search in Google Scholar
Rodríguez-Rosique, Susana. 2013. The power of inversion: Irony, from utterance to discourse. In Leonor Ruiz & Belén Alvarado (eds.), Irony and humor: From pragmatics to discourse, 17–38. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.10.1075/pbns.231.03rodSearch in Google Scholar
Romera, Magdalena. 2014. Humor, género y relación social. El humor como estrategia interaccional. Feminismo/s 24. 41–66.10.14198/fem.2014.24.03Search in Google Scholar
Ruch, Willibald. 2008. Psychology of humor. In Victor Raskin (ed.), The primer of humor research, 17–100. Berlin: Mouton Gruyter.10.1515/9783110198492.17Search in Google Scholar
Ruiz-Gurillo, Leonor. 2012. La lingüística del humor en español. Madrid: Arco/Libros.Search in Google Scholar
Ruiz-Gurillo, Leonor. 2015a. Phraseology for humor in Spanish: Types, functions and discourses. Lingvisticae Investigationes 38(2). 191–212.10.1075/li.38.2.01ruiSearch in Google Scholar
Ruiz-Gurillo, Leonor. 2015b. Sobre humor, identidad y estilos discursivos: Los monólogos de Eva Hache. Revista Tonos Digital 28. http://www.tonosdigital.com/ojs/index.php/tonos/article/viewFile/1241/770 (consultado Junio 1 de 2018).Search in Google Scholar
Ruiz-Gurillo, Leonor (ed.). 2016. Metapragmatics of humor: Current research trends. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.10.1075/ivitra.14Search in Google Scholar
Ruiz-Gurillo, Leonor & Belén Alvarado (eds.). 2013. Irony and humor: From pragmatics to discourse. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.10.1075/pbns.231Search in Google Scholar
Ruiz-Gurillo, Leonor & Xosé Padilla-García (eds.). 2009. Dime cómo ironizas y te diré quién eres. Una aproximación pragmática a la ironía. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.Search in Google Scholar
Rutherford, John. 2012. The power of the smile: Humour in Spanish culture. London, England: Boutle.Search in Google Scholar
Sacks, Harvey, Emanuel Schegloff & Gail Jefferson. 1974. A simplest systematics for the organization of turn-taking for conversation. Language 50(4). 696–735.10.1353/lan.1974.0010Search in Google Scholar
Schieffelin, Bambi & Elinor Ochs. 1986. Language socialization. Annual Review of Anthropology 15. 163–191.10.1146/annurev.an.15.100186.001115Search in Google Scholar
Schiffrin, Deborah. 1987. Discourse markers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511611841Search in Google Scholar
Schmidt, Samuel. 1996. Política y humor: Chistes sobre el presidente mexicano Carlos Salinas de Gortari. Nueva Antropología 15(50). 49–70.Search in Google Scholar
Scruton, Roger. 2007. Art, beauty, and judgment. American Spectator 40(6). 48–50.Search in Google Scholar
Sherzer, Joel. 1985. Puns and jokes. In Teun Van Dijk (ed.), Handbook of discourse analysis, vol. 3. 213–221. London: Academic Press.Search in Google Scholar
Spencer-Oatey, Helen. 2008. Face, (im)politeness and rapport. In Helen Spencer-Oatey (ed.), Culturally speaking: Culture, communication and politeness theory, 11–47. Londres/Nueva York: Continuum.Search in Google Scholar
Tannen, Deborah. 1989. Talking voices: Repetition, dialogue, and imagery in conversational discourse. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Tannen, Deborah (ed.). 1993. Gender and conversational interaction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Vélez, José. 2015. Influyendo en el ciberespacio con humor: Imemes y otros fenómenos. Versión. Estudios de Comunicación y Política 35. 130–146.Search in Google Scholar
Willis, Ken. 2005. Merry hell: Humour competence and social incompetence. En Sharon Lockyer & Michael Pickering (eds.), Beyond a joke: The limits of humour, 126–145. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.10.1057/9780230236776_7Search in Google Scholar
Yus, Francisco. 2004. Pragmatics of humorous strategies in El Club de la Comedia. In Rosina Márquez-Reiter & María Elena Placencia (eds.), Current trends in the pragmatics of Spanish, 320–344. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.10.1075/pbns.123.25yusSearch in Google Scholar
Yus, Francisco. 2016. Humor and relevance. Philadelphia: John Benjamins.10.1075/thr.4Search in Google Scholar
Ziv, Avner. 1984. Personality and sense of humor. New York: Springer.Search in Google Scholar
© 2019 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston