History of Medicine in Jagodina District

Summary The first record of scientific medicine in Serbia has been found in the early of 12th century. For centuries lifestyle, nutrition, natural environment, armies passing through, cultural heritage, and prejudice have affected healthcare in Serbia. Until 1820, Serbia has not had any educated doctor. Fourteen district physicians from 1839 and Dr. Karlo Beloni, to the last one, Dr. Selimir Djordjević – have spent part of their professional careers in Jagodina. All of them have had influence on raising health culture of Jagodina and its population and helped to overcome easily and quickly all existing diseases and epidemics. The Jagodina Hospital has been working without interruption for 147 years and represents one of the oldest healthcare institutions in Serbia.


INTRODUCTION
Since creation of mankind, the history of medicine has been studying the origin and development of diseases and their treatment. The history and origin of medicine is an outcome of human instincts to protect and defend its species. Along with scientific medicine, animistic or magical medicine has developed with spiritual character that was built on the belief that cure exists in nature, spirits, plants, animals and objects. Religious medicine interpreted diseases as the consequence of evil spirits who were undermining the existing balance in the body. Apocryphal medicine, found in indigenous peoples of Balkan by the Slavs, was a mixture of various oriental and ancient cults, as well as philosophical systems of the Ancient history. Church has not recognized it for its nature and belief in negative effects of the evil forces of nature. The treatments consisted of prayers and divinations [1].
The present study is a descriptive research of development of medicine in Serbia and Jagodina district. We observed development of medicine from the medieval period until nowadays. Methods used were: documentation analysis and desk research of secondary information. Furthermore, historical data were gathered through interviews and analyzed.

DEVELOPMENT OF MEDICINE DURING MEDIEVAL PERIOD
The first record of the existence of scientific medicine in Serbia comes from the early of 12 th century, representing the medicine of Hippocrates, Galen, Aristide and other ancient physicians, just like European medicine. It was on the rise between the 12 th and 15 th century. Purveyors of medical knowledge from Byzantium to Serbia were mostly monks in Serbian or Byzantine colonies in Athos, Sinai and Jerusalem, while western medicine was passed on by doctors and pharmacists trained in western medical schools. The founders of first hospitals were Stefan Nemanja and St. Sava in Hilandar Monastery in 1191. St. Sava in Studenica founded the first hospital in Serbia in 1208. He later founded a few more (Ravanica, Visoki Dečani), all of which operated until the downfall of Serbian medieval states [2]. However, scientific medicine of the medieval Serbia was cut in its further development, it was stagnating more and more, and at the end of the 17 th century it was reduced to traditional medicine and, to a certain extent, to the religious one.
Healthcare situation of Serbian people was affected by various factors, such as lifestyle, nutrition, natural environment, armies passing through, cultural heritage, and prejudice. The treatments were primitive; hence, people in larger towns would turn for a cure to traditional doctors: berbers -the Turks: they let blood out by horns and leeches, pooled teeth out and performed minor surgeries; hakims -the Greeks, originally from Epirus, residing in certain cities, also called kaloyatri ("good doctors"), who had family inheritance of medical knowledge; self-taught doctors -ethnic Greeks, Serbs or Turks; and folk healers (men and women) -Greeks, Jews and Roma, passing on their skills from generation to generation [3].
Outside major towns, in villages, people were treated in monasteries by the monks who knew the secret of medicinal herbs treatment from medical books, the content of which they occasionally revised and extended, while the priests treated patients with prayer, i.e. by reading and drawing a cross onto the affected area. Traditional physicians, found in almost every village, would treat people using plants, ointments, medicinal herbs and chanting. These were mostly older women who had stopped giving birth and who were trained in preparing these cures. They would pass on their knowledge to younger female family members (until the age of 12).
Quackery did not exist in its usual sense, since there were no educated doctors. In stores in larger towns people were able to buy all known drugs, some of which were toxic and sold without control. Measures to suppress quackery were carried out in the 1830s, but, for a very long time, people were not able to get rid of superstition and ingrained convictions.

DEVELOPMENT OF MEDICINE DURING THE UPRISINGS
During the centuries of Turkish reign, Serbia was underdeveloped in every cultural aspect. It had no doctors, not only during the Uprisings, but years and years later as well. The lack of enlightenment among people, Turkish lootings and men losses in the Uprisings did not provide cultural and material conditions for foreign doctors to come and work in the country. The first doctors, who were visiting Serbia rarely and autonomously, would come as personal doctors of the Belgrade's Pasha and, later on, in the service of the Prince and his court. Subsequently, those doctors entered the military service as military doctors in the army that had just began to form [1].
With the beginning of struggle for national liberation, Serbia started paying more attention to organizing its healthcare system. During the First and Second Serbian Uprisings, the wounded soldiers were treated in monasteries or at their homes. Karadjordje's government built two hospitals in Serbia -one in Belgrade and the other one in Šabac by the end of their ruling. The doctors were mostly foreign physicians and few physicians from Vojvodina who joined military and civil service. This was a period when Serbia -as a country where young intellectuals were coming after their studies abroad -was trying to change its conservative and patriarchal way of life [4].
In the early decades of the 19 th century, Serbia was still an incompletely formed part of the Ottoman Empire, without trained local personnel, poor and underdeveloped in all aspects. Centuries of Turkish govern in Serbia prevented any cultural and medical development [5].

DEVELOPMENT OF MEDICINE IN LIBERATED SERBIA
Until 1820, there were no educated doctors in Serbia. The first graduated doctor was Constantin Alexandridi, the second was Dr. Vito Romita, whose compatriot, Dr. Bartolomeo Silvestar Kunibert, accepted Dr. Romita's invitation to come to Serbia in 1826 as the third educated doctor, where he worked as Prince's personal doctor until 1839 [6]. The

DEVELOPMENT OF MEDICINE IN JAGODINA AFTER THE LIBERATION FROM TURKS
The first hastily trained doctor came to Jagodina after the Second Serbian Uprising. According to the letter of Janićije Radović, a head of Jagodina's mezulhana (a kind of post office and tavern for couriers, where they would switch horses and continue their way to Istanbul or Pest) addressed to Prince Miloš in 1824, there was a certain fellow named Guido, an Italian, who travelled through the Balkan region on his way to Istanbul, and he was accompanied by Tristan, the pharmacist, and Peter, his companion who spoke Turkish besides Italian [8].
In 1829, a historian and itinerary writer Oto Dubislav Pirh in his book A travel through Serbia in 1829 mentioned only six doctors, one of which, Djordje Novaković or Leo-nid Ehrlich, lived in Jagodina. He was a Christianized Jew, born in Poland, a doctor in the Austrian army, from where he transferred to Šabac. One of the first surgeons in Serbia and Jagodina had been working there since 1826 [9]. In the 18 th and 19 th centuries, a great part of Europe was under the outbreak of various diseases that spread to Serbia from Turkey. In 1830s, frequent infections and risk of epidemic pervasion across the borders led to the formation of quarantine stations at major border crossings, as well as to setups of the medical and police border cordons. The most dangerous were cholera and plague epidemics, which had repeatedly affected the population of Serbia of that time [3]. During the last plague outbreak on Serbian and European territory, which came from Turkey in 1837, Jagodina was most severely affected, as it was the center of infection. Dr. Karlo Nadj from Zemun's quarantine was invited as the leading expert, while his advisors were Dr.
Pacek, Dr. Lindenmaier and Dr. Kunibert. Prince Milos fully authorized Dr. Karlo Nadj and sent him to Jagodina. The plague was stopped in three and a half months.
On Following Dr. Pacek's instructions, the district physicuses' task was to vaccinate the population, prevent the use of unhealthy food and beverages, prevent quackery, monitor the trade in medicaments, teach people about hygiene habits, perform medical and court tasks (perform medical examinations and give opinions on a person's ability to work and be married, or on murdered, poisoned and beaten persons), perform autopsies and necessary veterinary tasks to prevent disease spreading among animals. Purely medical activities were as follows: medical examination of the sick persons; giving opinions on the ability of an individual to have a particular profession, especially civil service, and the ability to marry; expertise in cases of murder, poisoning and fights; individual treatment and treatment in hospitals; issuance of drugs from pharmacy kits in places where public pharmacies did not exist; and submitting work reports. At the same time, in the absence of county or village doctors, they needed to treat the sick in their homes and hospitals, as well as to carry drugs in pharmacy kits if a pharmacy did not exist in their towns. Important healthcare legal acts were brought before physicuses were appointed to counties. The first one, dat-ing from July 8 1839, was on the obligation of vaccination against chickenpox with a detailed description of all doctor's procedures [10].
Lindenmaier's list of doctors and medical staff from 1839 contains as follows:  [11]. It is believed that Dr. Karlo Pacek and Dr. Jovan Stejić composed the rules of work of future physicuses, modeled after the Austro-Hungarian regulation on engrafting cowpox. In 1842, the Law on Compulsory Vaccination was extended and amended and was even stricter. A written certificate of vaccination was requirement for a person to enter into marriage, receive scholarship to continue one's education or perform public service (police, education and clergy). The "Rules of Work for Future Physicuses" or the "Instructions for District Doctors and Physicuses" were adopted on August 21, 1839. This rulebook consisted of 23 articles and represented the first Medical Department's law [10].

DEVELOPMENT OF ORGANIZED HEALTHCARE SYSTEM IN JAGODINA IN THE 19 TH CENTURY
Dr. Karlo Beloni was appointed as the second district physicus of Jagodina ( Figure 1), who, until that moment, was the Guard's doctor and the doctor of Moravian command in Čačak, where he served for four and a half years for the annual salary of 300 thalers [12]. In 1839, the Jagodina District, where Dr. Beloni was sent to as only doctor, had 6,674 households: 3,471 in the County of Temnik, 3,155 in the County of Levac, and 546 in Jagodina and its surroundings. During his stay in Jagodina District, Dr. Beloni was submitting monthly work reports to his superiors. Dr. Beloni was born in 1812 in the village of Levica at the Hungarian territory Barš Marmedja. He came from a Catholic family. He graduated from the University of Pest with the title of Doctor of Medicine and Master of Ophthalmology and Obstetrics (midwifery). However, he practiced medicine when he moved to Serbia during 4 years and 7 months. Most of this period (3 years and 5 months) he spent as a military doctor in Čačak, Karanovac, Belgrade, Kragujevac and Ćuprija. He spoke and wrote Serbian quite well. In his reports, Dr. Beloni stated that, during his visits to patients, he came across good general health of people and livestock, that there were no severe epidemics and that the patients asked for help "moderately". The patients mostly complained of catarrhal and rheumatic inflammations, as well as fever, liver inflammation and rheumatism. There were no diseases in cattle, except rabies, which was, in his opinion, a result of severe winters. However, the district chief emphasized that Dr. Beloni faced a series of difficulties on the field, which were a consequence of people's ignorance of health in general, thus the patients ran away from his services even at the risk of punishment from the authorities. Otherwise, he aspired to accurately perform police and medical duties, particularly when examining the deceased, and to be diligent in grafting cowpox, but parents were still reluctant to vaccinate their children.
Regarding the issuance of certificates, he tended to be precautious, impartial and truthful. He carried a sizeable pharmacy kit that contained all needed drugs at all times, which he donated to the poor and charged to the wealthy people. He was successful in treating diseases, particularly more serious cases of dysentery and fever, but there was a lack of trust in his work due to people's fear and superstition. In addition, he was gentle, thus he had good relationship with the healthy, and patience with the sick. In the spring of 1841, Dr. Beloni once again took over the general examination of the district's inhabitants, but it ended without visible results. He went in vain three times to Kavadar, the village in Levac County that suffered from smallpox epidemic, accompanied by the county mayor and the police, but never found sick children in their homes because their parents were hiding them in the woods. Disappointed by such behavior and personal failure, Dr. Beloni requested to be transferred to Čačak district in May 1841. He believed that he would be more useful there because he had received greater confidence of the people there and had much more success in his work during earlier service in that area [10].
While waiting a new physicus to be appointed in Jagodina, periodical treatments were in the hands of physicuses from surrounding areas. Dr. Dimitrije Kaparis, a physicus of Požarevac County, worked on suppressing smallpox epidemic in some villages of Jagodina district starting from December 1841. Gligorije Rybakov performed the duty of county physicus until the beginning of 1844, without formal appointment, but with a permission of Dr. Jovan Stejić, the Head of Medical Department, who replaced Dr. Karlo Pacek in this position.
On January 10, 1844, Dr. Andrej Ivanović was appointed the second county physicus by the decree of Prince Alexandar Karadjordjević. He held this position until 1847, when he resigned and became physicus of Negotin County. He was a physicus in Jagodina for three years and fifteen days. In addition to his regular duties, Dr. Andrej Ivanović requested digging new wells to supply potable water, removing garbage from yards and cleaning them, applying hygienic measures, and cover the town streets with stones (cobblestones). He also performed veterinary tasks and founded the first hospital in Jagodina, which was at the level of a clinic [13].
The third physicus was Dr. Josif Pančić (Figure 2), who came to Jagodina on January 31, 1847, at the invitation of  Avram Petronijević, the owner of glassworks, because of the epidemic of typhoid among the workers of the factory. He managed to stop the epidemic among workers, as well as among the population of the surrounding villages. Due to his success, the population of Jagodina demanded that Josif Pančić becomes appointed as the county physicus. Dr. Josif Pančić worked notably on health education of the people, especially by writing instructions on prevention and treatment of certain diseases, as well as by verbal advices. He pointed to dietary habits as the cause of many diseases [13].
Simultaneously with the appointment of Josif Pančić in Kragujevac, on November 20, 1847, Dr. Djordje Malać was appointed the fourth physicus of Jagodina County. He was originally from Osijek in Slavonia and graduated medicine in Budapest. In addition to treatments, physicuses dedicated a major part of their activities to the continuous efforts in fighting against the underdevelopment, but without much success. In his reports, Dr. Djordje Malać states that Jagodina had district offices, district court, elementary school and an improvised hospital. He also mentions undeveloped streets and yards, lack of potable water, and describes cattle that wandered freely. He wrote that, during 1848, he treated a total of 280 persons, as well as that certain diseases occurred with the change of seasons. Most patients were glass factory workers in Belica. He said that in Jagodina, but mostly in villages, people turned to witchcrafts and traditional remedies more often. Prohibition of selling toxic substances in commercial shops was not fully complied with, not only in Jagodina, but throughout the entire Principality.
After Dr. Djordje Malać resignation in 1849, Bogomir (Godfried Anton) Šulek from Czech Republic became new district physicus. He graduated medicine from Vienna and resided in Jagodina District from March 1851 to June 1852. The next one was Dr. Jovan Valenta, also Czech, who graduated medicine in Prague. He served in the District from August 1852 to September 1852, when Spiridon Jeftimijades came, who was originally from Turkey, and he remained at this position until 1860 [13].
According to the announcement of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of March 8, 1852, the district chiefs -with the help of district physicuses and municipal committees -were given assignments to find a suitable building, with at least two rooms and a kitchen, to equip it with necessary inventory and open as a hospital. The President of the Court of First Instance, Stevan Stevanović, with the clerk Aleksandar Jakovljević and informal help of a group of benefactors, directed the founding of the Jagodina Hospital. Village craftsmen donated 3,761 Groschens and a smallish building equipped with six beds was taken under lease. The hospital was opened in late summer of 1852. In March 1858, the press released the news that a new building was purchased for the hospital and a few patients were gathered there, however, professional care and reliable incomes was still lacking. In the early 1860, the district physicus, Dr. Spiridon Jeftimijades, wrote in his report: "the town barely has any hospitals, there is only one little house owned by the County, on the outskirts of the town, near the cemetery, where some crippled people are residing".
In October of the same year (1860), the newly appointed physicus, Dr. Mladen Janković, wrote to the authorities that nobody had visited the "municipal hospital" for the entire month. According to his report from the beginning of the following year, the hospital was in poor condition, unequipped and lacking expert care, thus it resembled more a sanctuary for crippled and weak individuals without caretakers than a healthcare institution [14]. He spent a year and a half at the position of physicus. In 1884 he was elected the Interim Chief of the Medical Department within the Ministry of Interior. He was one of the founders and the President of Serbian Medical Society, where he worked for full eight years (from 1873) [15].
Dr. Mladen Janković was replaced in 1862 by Dr. Milosav Pavlović, the first trained doctor in Moravian region, who remained physicus for 11 years. Dr. Pavlović was born in 1827 in the Dražimirovac village, near Jagodina. He started high school in Belgrade in 1845/46, and graduated medicine in Istanbul. He spent a year in Paris at postgraduate studies. He spoke Turkish, Greek, Russian, and French. In 1860, he worked as a doctor in Raška, and on October 20, 1861 he became the district physicus in Jagodina, with the status of "extraordinary physicus at disposal" at that time [16].
The Law on Hospitals Founding and Organization was adopted in 1865. The Ministry of Interior Affairs sent a request on November 16, 1866 to district offices in Drina, Užice, Aleksinac, Timočka Krajina, Smederevo, Valjevo, Jagodina, Rudnik, and Ćuprija districts to find private houses for temporary hospitals or municipal houses for rent for municipal hospitals. By the law, each municipality in Serbia with 10,000 inhabitants was obliged to financially support, through the municipal tax, one municipal doctor, who was also a member of the municipal administration. All issues regarding people's health and veterinary tasks could not be solved without his presence. In the event of war, the doctors performed their medical duties at military hospitals. Municipal

CONCLUSION
Dynamic changes that took place in Serbia and among Serbian people in the 19 th century (population composition and growth, industrial development, institutionsbuildings and civilizational progress) were visible even in Jagodina, which was changing equally and simultaneously with the entire society. Fourteen district physicuses of the 19 th century, from 1839 and Dr. Karlo Beloni, to the last one, Dr. Selimir Djordjević, spent part of their professional careers in Jagodina. All of them left their humane and human mark on raising health culture of Jagodina and its population and helped overcoming more easily and quickly all existing diseases and epidemics. The Jagodina Hospital has been working without interruption for 147 years and represents one of the oldest healthcare institutions in Serbia. Osnovna škola "17. oktobar", Jagodina, Srbija; 4 Institut za zdravstvenu zaštitu majke i deteta Srbije "Dr Vukan Čupić", Beograd, Srbija

KRATAK SADRŽAJ
Pr vi za pis o po sto ja nju na uč ne me di ci ne u Sr bi ji po ti če iz ra nog 12. ve ka. Sto le ći ma je zdrav stve no sta nje srp sko ga na ro da bi lo pod uti ca jem fak to ra kao što su na čin ži vo ta, is hra na, pri rod no okruženje, vojske ko je pro la ze, kul tur no na sle đe i pred ra su de. Do 1820. go di ne u Sr bi ji ni je bi lo obra zo va nih le ka ra. Če tr na est okru žnih fi zi ku sa od 1839. godine i dr Kar la Be lo ni ja, do po sled njeg, dr Se li mira Đor đe vi ća, pro veo je deo svo je pro fe si o nal ne ka ri je re u Ja go di ni. Svi oni su osta vi li svoj hu ma ni i pro fe si o nal ni trag na po di za nju zdrav stve ne kul tu re Ja go di ne i nje nog sta nov ni štva, te po mo gli lak še i br že pre va zi la že nje svih po sto je ćih bo le sti i epi de mi ja. Bol ni ca u Ja go di ni ra di bez pre ki da 147 go di na i jed na je od naj sta ri jih zdrav stve nih usta no va u Sr bi ji. Ključ ne re či: dom zdra vlja; jav na zdrav stve na slu žba; isto ri ja me di ci ne; dru štve ni raz voj Pravi ljudi od nauke duboko poštuju prošlost. Sve što radimo i sve što jesmo rezultat je stogodišnjeg rada.

UVOD
Još od pra i sto ri je i na stan ka čo ve ka isto ri ja me di ci ne pro u ča va po sta nak i raz vi tak bo le sti, kao i nji ho vo le če nje. Sma tra se da su bo le sti na sta le ka da i čo vek, i da ota da i po či nje po tre ba za nji ho vim le če njem. Po re klo i na sta nak me di ci ne su po sle di ca ljud skih na go na za za šti tu i od bra nu. Upo re do s em pi rij skom (is ku stve nom) me di ci nom raz vi la se ane mi stič ka ili ma gij ska me di ci na, ko ja je ima la du hov ni ka rak ter i na sta la na ve ro va njima u svet du ho va pri ro de, bi lja ka, ži vo ti nja i pred me ta. Ver ska me di ci na je bi la naj če šća u Sta rom i Sred njem ve ku, a bo le sti su tu ma če ne kao po sle di ca de lo va nja zlih du ho va, ko ji su na ruša va li po sto je ću rav no te žu u or ga ni zmu čo ve ka. Apo krif na medi ci na, ko ju su Slo ve ni za te kli kod sta ro se de lač kog sta nov ni štva Bal ka na, na sta la je kao re zul tat ukr šta nja raz li či tih ori jen tal nih i an tič kih kul to va, kao i fi lo zof skih si ste ma Sta rog ve ka. Zva nič na cr kva je ni je pri zna va la zbog nje ne pri ro de i ve ro va nja u ne gativ no dej stvo zlih si la iz pri ro de. Le če nje se vr ši lo mo li tva ma i ga ta njem [1]. Ova stu di ja je opi sno is tra ži va nje raz vo ja me di ci ne u Sr bi ji i Ja go din skom okru gu. Pra ti li smo raz voj me di ci ne od sred njove kov nog pe ri o da do da nas. Kao me to de ko ri šće ni su ana li za do ku men ta ci je i pri ku plja nje i ana li za se kun dar nih po da ta ka. Isto rij ski po da ci su pri ku plje ni kroz in ter vjue i ana li zi ra ni.

RAZVOJ MEDICINE U SREDNJEM VEKU
Pr vi po men o po sto ja nju na uč ne me di ci ne u Sr bi ji po sto ji još od po čet ka 12. ve ka i pred sta vlja la je, kao i evrop ska, me di cinu Hi po kra ta, Ga le na, Ari sti da i dru gih an tič kih le ka ra. Bi la je u ve li kom uspo nu od 12. do 15. ve ka. Pre no si o ci me di cin skih zna nja iz Vi zan ti je u Sr bi ju ma hom su bi li ka lu đe ri u srp skim ili vi zan tij skim ko lo ni ja ma na Ato su, Si na ju i u Je ru sa li mu, dok su za pad nu me di ci nu pre no si li le ka ri i apo te ka ri ško lo va ni u za padnim me di cin skim ško la ma. Osni va či pr vih bol ni ca su bi li Ste fan Ne ma nja i Sve ti Sa va 1191. go di ne u ma na sti ru Hi lan da ru, a pr vu bol ni cu na te ri to ri ji Sr bi je osno vao je Sve ti Sa va 1208. go di ne u Stu de ni ci. Ka sni je ih je osno va no još ne ko li ko (Ra va ni ca, Vi so ki De ča ni) i one su ra di le do pro pa sti srp skih sred njo ve kov nih drža va [2]. Na uč na me di ci na sred njo ve kov ne Sr bi je je pre ki nu ta u da ljem raz vo ju, sve vi še je stag ni ra la, da bi na kra ju 17. ve ka bi la sve de na sa mo na na rod nu i do ne kle ver sku me di ci nu.
Zdrav stve ne pri li ke u srp skom na ro du bi le su uslo vlje ne raz li či tim fak to ri ma kao što su na čin ži vo ta, is hra na, pri rod na sre di na, pro la zak voj ski, na sle đe i pred ra su de. Le če nje je bi lo pri mi tiv no i na rod se po ve ćim me sti ma le čio kod na rod nih le ka ra: ber be ra -Tu ra ka, ko ji su pu šta li krv ro go vi ma i pi ja vica ma, va di li zu be i vr ši li ma nje ope ra ci je; he ći ma -Gr ka pore klom iz Epi ra, ko ji su bi li na sta nje ni u po je di nim me sti ma, na zi va ni su i, "ka lo ja tri" (gr. do bri le ka ri), ko ji su zna nje po rodič no na sle đi va li; sa mo u kih le ka ra (po na rod no sti Gr ci, Sr bi ili Tur ci) i na rod nih vi da ra i vi da ri ca (Gr ci, Je vre ji i Ro mi), ko ji su ve šti nu le če nja pre no si li s ko le na na ko le no [3].
Na rod van ve ćih me sta, po se li ma, le čio se u ma na sti ri ma, kod ka lu đe ra ko ji su zna li taj ne le če nja le ko vi tim bi ljem iz knjiga "le ka ru ša", ko je su vre me nom me nja ne i do pu nja va ne, i kod po po va, ko ji su obo le le le či li či ta njem mo li tvi i "uti ski va njem kr sta" na obo le lo me sto. Na rod ni le ka ri, ko jih je bi lo u sko ro sva kom se lu, le či li su bilj ka ma, me le mi ma, le ko vi tim tra va ma i ba ja njem. To su uglav nom bi le sta ri je že ne ko je su pre sta le s ra đa njem i bi le upu će ne u nji ho vu pri pre mu. Zna nje su pre nosi le na mla đu žen sku oso bu iz po ro di ce (uz ra sta do 12 go di na).
Na dri le kar stvo ni je po sto ja lo u kla sič nom smi slu, jer ško lova nih le ka ra ni je ni bi lo. U rad nja ma po ve ćim me sti ma mo gli su da se ku pe svi po zna ti le ko vi, od ko jih su ne ki bi li i otrov ni i pro da va ni bez kon tro le. Tri de se tih go di na 19. ve ka se spro vo de i me re za su zbi ja nje na dri le kar stva, ali na rod ni je du go mo gao da se oslo bo di su je ver ja i uko re nje nih shva ta nja.

RAZVOJ MEDICINE U DOBA USTANAKA
Sr bi ja je pod vi še ve kov nom tur skom upra vom bi la za o sta la u sva kom kul tur nom na pret ku i bez le ka ra, ne sa mo u vre me usta na ka, već i mno go go di na ka sni je. Ne pro sve će nost na ro da, tur ska plač ka nja i gu bi ci u ustan ci ma ni su pru ža li kul tur ne i ma te ri jal ne uslo ve za do la zak i rad stra nih le ka ra. Pr vi le ka ri, ko ji su do la zi li ret ko i sa mo stal no, bi li su lič ni le ka ri be o gradskog pa še, a po tom u slu žbi Kne za i nje go vog dvo ra. Ka sni je su ti le ka ri pri ma ni u voj nu slu žbu kao voj ni le ka ri u voj sci ko ja se tek po če la stva ra ti [1].
To kom Pr vog i Dru gog srp skog ustan ka ra nje ni ci su le če ni po ma na sti ri ma i kod svo jih ku ća. Pri kra ju Ka ra đor đe ve vla de u Sr bi ji su po sto ja le i dve bol ni ce -jed na u Be o gra du, dru ga u Šap cu. Le kar ski sta lež je bio ogra ni čen na le ka re stran ce i ret ke le ka re Voj vo đa ne pri mlje ne u voj nu i gra đan sku slu žbu. To je vre me ka da Sr bi ja, u ko ju se vra ća ju mla di in te lek tu al ci sa stu di ja iz ino stran stva, po ku ša va da pro me ni kon zer va tiv ni i pa tri jar hal ni na čin ži vo ta [4].
Sr bi ja je u pr vim de ce ni ja ma 19. ve ka bi la još ne do volj no for mi ran deo Tur skog car stva, bez do ma ćih ško lo va nih ka dro va, si ro ma šna i u sva kom po gle du ne raz vi je na [5].

RAZVOJ MEDICINE U OSLOBOĐENOJ SRBIJI
Do 1820. go di ne u Sr bi ji ni je bi lo ško lo va nih le ka ra. Pr vi diplo mi ra ni le kar u Sr bi ji bio je Kon stan tin Alek san dri di, dru gi je Ita li jan Vi ta Ro mi to, na či ji po ziv je 1826. go di ne kao tre ći do šao nje gov ze mljak dr Bar to lo meo Sil ve ster Ku ni bert, ko ji će do 1839. ra di ti kao lič ni le kar kne za Mi lo ša [6].
Pr vi Sr bin le kar u Mi lo še voj Sr bi ji bio je dr Jo van Ste jić. Rođen je 1803. go di ne u Ara du. Dok to ri rao je u Be ču 1829. go di ne za hva lju ju ći po mo ći Je vre ma Obre no vi ća. Kao le kar pre šao je u Sr bi ju kod Je vre ma, ali ga je ubr zo pre u zeo knez Mi loš za svog lič nog le ka ra i vas pi ta ča svojih si no va Mi la na i Mi ha i la. Zbog ne sla ga nja s Mi lo šem, on pre la zi u Ze mun, ko ji je tad bio van gra ni ca Sr bi je. Po Mi lo še vom od la sku iz Sr bi je 1840. go di ne vra tio se u Be o grad i za jed no sa dr Kar lom Pa ce kom osno vao Srp ski gra đan ski sa ni tet. Go di ne 1845. po sta vljen je za se kre tara Dr žav nog so vje ta, naj vi šeg uprav no po li tič kog te la, i na tom me stu ostao do svo je smr ti 1853. go di ne [7].

RAZVOJ MEDICINE U JAGODINI PO OSLOBOĐENJU OD TURAKA
Pr vi pri u če ni le kar do šao je u Ja go di nu po okon ča nju Dru gog srp skog ustan ka. Pre ma pi smu Ja ni ći ja Ra do vi ća, sta re ši ne Jago din ske me zul ha ne (po šte, go sti o ni ce za ku ri re, gde su oni me nja li ko nje i na sta vlja li put ka Ca ri gra du ili Pe šti), upu ćenom Kne zu Mi lo šu 1824. go di ne, bio je iz ve sni Gvi do, Ita li jan, na pu tu za Ca ri grad. Sa so bom je vo dio i apo te ka ra Tri sta na i pra ti o ca Pe tra, a osim ita li jan skog, znao je i tur ski je zik, te su uz nje go vu po moć pu to va li kroz bal kan ske kra je ve [8].
Isto ri čar i pu to pi sac Oto Du bi slav Pirh 1829. go di ne po mi nje u svo jim "Pu to va nji ma po Sr bi ji u go di ni 1829." sa mo šest le ka ra, od ko jih je dan, Đor đe No va ko vić, ili Le o nid Er lih, ži vi u Ja go di ni. On je bio po kr šte ni Je vre jin ro đen u Polj skoj, le kar austrij ske vojske, iz ko je je pre šao u Ša bac. Je dan je od pr vih hi rur ga u Sr bi ji, a u Ja go di ni je ra dio od 1826. go di ne [9]. U 18. i 19. ve ku ve li ki deo Evro pe če sto su za hva ta le epi de mi je ra znih bo le sti. U Sr bi ju su se ši ri le pre ko Tur ske. Če ste za ra ze i opa snost pro di ra nja epi de mi ja pre ko gra ni ca do ve le su da se tri de se tih go di na 19. ve ka kre ne sa po di za njem ka ran ti na na glav nim gra nič nim pre la zi ma i da se isto vre me no osnu ju po gra nič ni sa ni tet sko-po li cij ski kor do ni. Najo pa sni je su bi le epi de mi je ko le re i ku ge ko je su u ne ko li ko na vra ta po ga đa le sta nov ni štvo ta da šnje Sr bi je [3]. Pri li kom po sled njeg ši re nja ku ge na te ri to ri ju Sr bi je i Evro pe iz Tur ske, 1837. go di ne glav na bor ba je vo đe na u Ja go di ni, jer je ona bi la i cen tar za ra ze. Bio je po zvan dr Kar lo Nađ iz Ze mun skog ka ran ti na kao glav ni eks pert, a kao sa vet ni ci sa ra đi va li su dr Pa cek, dr Lin den ma jer i dr Ku ni bert. Knez Mi loš mu je dao svu moć i vlast i upu tio ga u Ja go di nu. Epi de mi ja je za u sta vlje na za tri i po me se ca.
Da na 17. apri la 1839. go di ne Mi ni star stvo unu tra šnjih de la sa Sa ni tet skim ode lje njem, pod či ju nad le žnost je spa da la sani tet ska stru ka u osni va nju -le ka ri, okru žni fi zi ku si, apo te ke i apo te ka ri, bol ni ce i ba bi ce, pred la ga lo je da se za sva ki okrug u Sr bi ji po sta vi po je dan le kar, i to: sa dok to ri ma me di ci ne Ša bac, Be o grad, Sme de re vo, Ja go di na, Ča čak i Uži ce; sa hi rur zi ma Valje vo, Be o grad, Mi la no vac, Za je čar, So ko Ba nja, Kru še vac i Kralje vo; sa po sto je ćim voj nim le ka ri ma Kra gu je vac i Po ža re vac. Da na 24. ju la 1839. go di ne, na red bom Đor đa Pro ti ća, mi ni stra unu tra šnjih de la, i dr Kar la Pa ce ka, pri vre me nog na čel ni ka Sani te ta Kne že vi ne Sr bi je, usta no vlje ni su zdrav stve ni punk to vi u ze mlji i po sta vlje ni: okru žni fi zi ku si u Šap cu, Be o gra du, Smede re vu, Ja go di ni, Čač ku i Uži cu, a hi rur zi u Va lje vu, Be o gra du, Mi la nov cu, Za je ča ru, Ba nji, Knja žev cu i Kra lje vu, dok su voj ni le ka ri pri do da ti Kra gu jev cu i Po ža rev cu, jer su se u nji ma na lazi le je di ni ce kne že ve gar de.
Pre ma uput stvu dr Pa ce ka, za da tak okru žnih fi zi ku sa je bio da vak ci ni šu sta nov ni štvo, za bra nju ju upo tre bu ne zdra vih je la i pi ća, spre ča va ju na dri le kar stvo, nad zi ru tr go va nje le ko vi ma, po u ča va ju na rod o hi gi jen skim na vi ka ma, oba vlja ju sud sko-lekar ske du žno sti (vr še vi zi ti ra nje i da ju mi šlje nje o spo sob no sti li ca za slu žbu, že nid bu i brak, ili o ubi je nim, otro va nim i tu čenim), vr še ob duk ci je i oba vlja ju po treb ne ve te ri nar ske po slo ve na spre ča va nju ši re nja bo le sti me đu ži vo ti nja ma. U či sto le karske po slo ve ubra ja li su se: po se ta bo le sni ci ma, da va nje mi šljenja o spo sob no sti po je din ca za od re đe no za ni ma nje, na ro či to dr žav nu slu žbu, i spo sob no sti za že nid bu, ve šta če nje u slu ča jevi ma ubi stva, tro va nja i tu ča, le če nje po je di nač no i u bol ni ca ma, iz da va nje le ko va iz ruč ne apo te ke u me sti ma gde ne ma jav nih apo te ka i pod no še nje iz ve šta ja o ra du. Isto vre me no je tre ba lo, u ne do stat ku sre skih i va ro ških le ka ra, da le če obo le le u ku ća ma i "špi ta lji ma" (bol ni ca ma), kao i da no se le ko ve u ruč nim apo teka ma uko li ko u nji ho vom me stu još ni je bi la otvo re na apo te ka.
Pre ne go što su po sta vlje ni fi zi ku si po okru zi ma, do ne ta su va žna prav na ak ta u zdrav stve noj kul tu ri. Pr vi je bio iz 8. ju la 1839. go di ne o oba ve zi vak ci ni sa nja sta nov ni štva pro tiv ve li kih bo gi nja, sa de talj nim opi som svih po stu pa ka le ka ra [10].
Lin den ma je rov spi sak le ka ra i me di cin skog ka dra iz 1839. go di ne gla sio je ova ko:  [11]. Sma tra se da su pra vi la o ra du bu du ćih fi zi ku sa na pi sa li dr Kar lo Pa cek i dr Jo van Ste jić po ugle du na Austro u gar ski pra vil nik o ka le mlje nju kra vljih bo gi nja. Go di ne 1842. Za kon o oba ve znom vak ci ni sa nju je pro ši ren i do pu njen i bio je još stro ži. Zah te vao je pi sa nu po tvr du o vak ci ni sa nju za stu pa nje u brak, do bi ja nje sti pen di je za na sta vak ško lo va nja, za oba vlja nje dr žav nih po slo va u po li ci ji, pro sve ti i sve šten stvu. Da na 21. avgu sta 1839. go di ne do ne ta su Pra vi la u ra du za bu du će fi zi ku se, ili Na sta vle nia za okru žne le ka re i fi zi ku se. Pra vil nik je imao 23 tač ke i pred sta vljao je pr vi sa ni tet ski za kon [10].

RAZVOJ ORGANIZOVANOG SISTEMA ZDRAVSTVENE ZAŠTITE U JAGODINI U 19. VEKU
Za dru gog okru žnog fi zi ku sa Ja go din skog okru ga po sta vljen je dr Kar lo Be lo ni (Sli ka 1), ko ji je do tad bio le kar Gar de i Morav sko-pod rinj ske ko man de u Čač ku, sa sta žom od če ti ri i po go di ne i go di šnjom pla tom od 300 ta li ra [12]. Ja go din ski okrug, u ko ji je upu ćen dr Be lo ni kao je di ni le kar, imao je 1839. go di ne 6.674 do ma ćin stva: Tem nić ki srez 3.471, Le vač ki srez 3.155, a Ja go di na i oko li na 546 do ma ćin stava. To kom bo rav ka u Ja go dinskom okru gu dr Be lo ni je pret po sta vlje nim sta re ši na ma do stavljao me seč ne iz ve šta je o ra du. Dr Be lo ni je ro đen 1812. go di ne u me stu Le vi ci, u ma đar skoj obla sti Barš Mar me đa. Po ti cao je iz ri mo ka to lič ke po ro di ce. Na uni ver zi te tu u Pe šti je ste kao di plomu sa zva nji ma dok to ra me di ci ne i ma gi stra oku li sti ke i op stetri ci je (aku šer stva). Do pre la ska u Sr bi ju ni je nig de slu žbo vao na te ri to ri ji ma đar ske dr ža ve, već je to kom če ti ri go di ne i se dam me se ci je di no ra dio u Sr bi ji, od če ga tri go di ne i pet me se ci kao voj ni le kar u Čač ku, Ka ra nov cu, Be o gra du, Kra gu jev cu i Ću pri ji. Bio je do brog te le snog sta sa i zdra vlja. Znao je pri lič no do bro da go vo ri i pi še na srp skom je zi ku. U iz ve šta ji ma dr Be lo ni pi še da je to kom po se ta za ti cao do bro op šte zdra vlje na ro da i sto ke, da ni je bi lo te žih epi de mi ja i da su mu se bo le sni ci obra ća li za po moć u "ume re nim raz me ra ma". Obo le li su se ma hom ža li li na ka ta ral na i re u ma tič na za pa lje nja i na obo lje nja od gro zni ce, za pa lje nja "dži ge ri ce" i re u ma ti zam. Ni je bi lo ni "red nji" kod sto ke, sem be sni la pa sa, što je, pre ma nje go voj oce ni, bi la po sle-di ca ja ke zi me. Okru žni na čel nik je, me đu tim, is ti cao da se dr Be lo ni sreo na te re nu sa ni zom po te ško ća, ko je su pro iz i la zi le iz zdrav stve ne ne pro sve će no sti na ro da, te su obo le li be ža li od nje go vih uslu ga čak i po ce nu ka žnja va nja od vla sti. Ina če, težio je da bu de ta čan u oba vlja nju po li cij sko-le kar skih du žno sti, na ro či to kod vi zi ta ci je umr lih, i tru do lju biv kod ka le mlje nja bo gi nja, ali su ro di te lji ne ra do do vo di li de cu na pel co va nje.
Kod iz da va nja uve re nja je po stu pao pre do stro žno, ne pri strasno i isti ni to. Sa so bom je no sio po ve li ku apo te ku, snab de ve nu u sva ko do ba po treb nim me di ka men ti ma. Le ko ve je po kla njao si ro ma šni ma, a imuć ni ma na pla ći vao. Imao je uspe ha u le če nju, po seb no te žih bo le sni ka od sr do bo lje i vru ći ce, ali op šte po vere nje na ro da pre ma nje go vom ra du, zbog stra ha i su je ver ja, ni je bi lo do bro. Ina če je bio krot ke na ra vi, pa je u op ho đe nju sa zdravi ma bio do bar, a sa bo le sni ci ma str pljiv. U pro le će 1841. go di ne dr Be lo ni je još jed nom pre u zeo ši ru vi zi ta ci ju okru ga, ali je i ona pro šla bez vid ni jih re zul ta ta. U le vač ko se lo Ka va dar, u kojem je vla da la epi de mi ja bo gi nja, išao je uza lud no tri pu ta, čak u prat nji sre skog na čel ni ka i po li ci je, ali ni jed nom ni je za te kao obo le lu de cu u ku ća ma, jer su ih ro di te lji kri li u šu mi. Raz o čaran ova kvim dr ža njem na ro da i lič nim ne u spe hom, dr Be lo ni se od lu čio da za tra ži pre me štaj u ne ko dru go me sto, gde bi nje gov rad dao vred ni je re zul ta te. U ma ju 1841. go di ne dr Be lo ni ja zatra žio od nad le žnih vla sti pre me štaj u Ča čan ski okrug, na vo de ći svo je uve re nje da će ta mo bi ti ko ri sni ji, jer je za vre me ra ni jeg slu žbo va nja u tom kra ju za do bio ve će po ve re nje na ro da i imao mno go vi še uspe ha u ra du [10]. Do po sta vlje nja no vog fi zi ku sa u Ja go di ni po vre me na le če nja pred u zi ma li su fi zi ku si iz okol nih pod ruč ja. Dr Di mi tri je Ka pa ris, fi zi kus Po ža re vač kog okruž ja, radio je od de cem bra 1841. go di ne na su zbi ja nju epi de mi je ve li kih bo gi nja u ne kim se li ma Ja go din skog okru ga. Du žnost okru žnog fi zi ku sa do po čet ka 1844. go di ne, bez for mal nog po sta vlje nja, ali uz do pu šte nje dr Jo va na Ste ji ća, na čel ni ka Sa ni te ta, ko ji je na toj funk ci ji za me nio dr Kar la Pa ce ka, oba vljao je Gli go ri je Ri ba kov.
Uka zom kne za Alek san dra Ka ra đor đe vi ća, 10. ja nu a ra 1844. go di ne za dru gog po re du okru žnog fi zi ku sa po sta vljen je dr An drej Iva no vić. Bio je fi zi kus do 1847. go di ne, ka da pod no si ostav ku i pre la zi na me sto fi zi ku sa Ne go tin skog okru ga. Bio je fi zi kus u Ja go di ni tri go di ne i 15 da na. Dr Iva no vić je pored svo jih re dov nih oba ve za tra žio i da se snab de va nje vo dom za pi će re gu li še ko pa njem no vih bu na ra, da se đu bre uklo ni iz dvo ri šta, dvo ri šta či ste, vr ši hi gi je na, da se uli ce u gra du po pu ne ka me nom (kal dr mi šu). Oba vljao je i ve te ri nar ske po slo ve. Osnovao je i pr vu bol ni cu u Ja go di ni, ko ja je bi la na ni vou pri vat ne or di na ci je [13].
Tre ći fi zi kus po re du je bio dr Jo sif Pan čić (Sli ka 2), ko ji u Ja go di nu do la zi 31. ja nu a ra 1847. go di ne na po ziv Avra ma Petro ni je vi ća, vla sni ka Sta kla re, zbog po ja ve epi de mi je tr bu šnog ti fu sa kod rad ni ka fa bri ke. On je us peo da za u sta vi epi de mi ju i kod rad ni ka Sta kla re i kod sta nov ni ka okol nih se la. Zbog uspeha u le če nju, sta nov ni štvo Ja go di ne je tra ži lo da se Jo sif Pan čić po sta vi za okru žnog fi zi ku sa. Do sta je ra dio na zdrav stve nom obra zo va nju na ro da. To je na ro či to či nio pi sa nim uput stvi ma o spre ča va nju i le če nju po je di nih bo le sti, kao i usme nim sa ve tima. Uka zi vao je na is hra nu kao uzroč ni ka mno gih bo le sti [13].
Isto vre me no s po sta vlja njem Jo si fa Pan či ća za fi zi ku sa Kragu je vač kog okru ga, za če tvr tog fi zi ku sa Ja go din skog okru ga 20. no vem bra 1847. go di ne po sta vljen je dr Đor đe Ma lać, ro dom iz Osi je ka u Sla vo ni ji, ko ji je me di ci nu za vr šio u Bu dim pe šti. Po red sa mog le če nja ve li ki deo svo je ak tiv no sti fi zi ku si su po sve ti li