Skip to content
Licensed Unlicensed Requires Authentication Published by De Gruyter November 17, 2015

Aqueous Washing Treatment Aids: How to Remove Ionic Fixatives from Paper

  • Julia Roller

    Julia Roller graduated in 2014 with a diploma degree in the conservation of works of art on paper, archives and library materials from the State Academy of Arts and Design Stuttgart, Germany. She also holds a diploma degree in biology from the Julius Maximilian University Würzburg, Germany with the focus on tropical and animal ecology. Presently she maintains freelance practice in Stuttgart, Germany.

    EMAIL logo
    , Andrea Pataki

    Andrea Pataki-Hundt is research assistant of the conservation laboratory at the graduate conservation education programme for conservation of works of art on paper, archive- and library materials since 1998 at the State Academy of Art and Design Stuttgart, where she also obtained her diploma (1997) and her PhD (2005). In 1998 she was an advanced fellow at the Walters Art Museum Baltimore, support by the Academic Exchange Programme (DAAD). From 2007 to 2009 she conducted a two-year postdoctoral research programme funded by the Landesstiftung Baden- Württemberg. In spring 2008 she was invited as a museum guest scholar at the J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles.

    , Antje Potthast

    Antje Potthast gained a Ph.D. in chemistry at Dresden University of Technology and at the North Carolina State University in Raleigh (USA). She received a stipend of the Fonds der Chemischen Industrie. In 2003 she finished her habilitation in “Wood Chemistry”. From 1998 to 2005 she worked in the Christian-Doppler-Laboratory of “Pulp reactivity” at the University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences (BOKU) in Vienna (Austria). Presently she is Associate Professor at the University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) in Vienna (Austria) and together with Thomas Rosenau leader of the Christian-Doppler-Laboratory “Modern cellulose chemistry and analysis”.

    and Irene Brückle

    Irene Brückle is professor and director of the book and paper conservation graduate education program at the State Academy of Art and Design in Stuttgart since 2008. Between 1990 and 2004, she taught at the Conservation Department, Buffalo State College (USA). She holds an M.A. in art history from the University at Buffalo and a Ph.D. in art technology/art history from the State Academy Stuttgart. From 2005 until 2008, she was head of conservation at the Kupferstichkabinett, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin.

Abstract

The ionic fixatives Rewin® EL and Mesitol® NBS are in established use to prevent bleeding of water-sensitive media during aqueous treatment. Their single or combined application varies among practitioners, also with regard to the inclusion and intensity of any subsequent rinsing. Lack of rinsing and local fixative applications are known to risk paper discolouration. The function of aqueous rinsing subsequent to fixative application was studied on Whatman filter paper samples treated with fixative solutions of Mesitol® NBS, Rewin® EL or the Bückeburg fixative solution, which is a suspension of both. After artificial ageing, the samples were analysed as follows: discolouration formation via CIELAB measurement; cellulose damage via molar mass (Mw) and carbonyl group content; alteration of the paper’s electrostatic charge via dye colouration; quantification of fixative residues via gravimetry, polyelectrolyte extraction and IR spectroscopy. Results on treated and artificially aged papers show that rinsing is of great importance for diminishing the residue and thereby any negative effect of remaining fixatives discolouration formation, Mw loss and carbonyl group increase. Papers treated with Rewin® EL and the Rewin® EL-containing Bückeburg fixative solution showed these effects significantly. Mesitol® NBS seemed to have no negative, and may have a positive effect on the studied paper ageing properties. One 15-min aqueous rinse was the minimum required, three 10-min rinses were effective in maximising the fixative removal from Whatman filter paper, which is crucial to prevent undesired side effects.

Zusammenfassung

Entfernung von ionischen Fixiermitteln (Hilfsmitteln zur wässrigen Behandlung) aus Papier

Die Verwendung der ionischen Fixiermittel Rewin® EL und Mesitol® NBS zur Vermeidung von Ausbluten von wasserlöslichen Medien im Verlauf einer wässrigen Behandlung ist gut etabliert. Der praktische Einsatz in Kombination oder einzeln variiert dabei, auch in Hinblick auf die Durchführung und Intensität eines nachfolgenden Entfernens des Fixiermittels. Es ist bekannt, dass eine fehlende Entfernung bei einer lokalen Anwendung zu einer Verfärbung des Papiers führen kann. Der Zusammenhang zwischen einer wässrigen Entfernung nach einer Anwendung der Fixiermittel wurde mittels Whatman Filterpapieren, die mit einer Lösung der Fixiermittel Mesitol® NBS, Rewin® EL oder der Bückeburg Fixierlösung, einer Suspension der beiden vorhergehenden Substanzen, behandelt wurden, untersucht. Nach einer künstlichen Alterung wurden die Proben wie folgt untersucht: Bildung von Verfärbungen mittels CIELAB-Messungen, Schädigung der Cellulose durch die Bestimmung der mittleren Molmasse (Mw) und des Carbonylgruppengehalts, Veränderungen der elektrostatischen Ladung des Papiers mittels Einfärbung; Quantifizierung von Fixiermittelrückständen mittels Gravimetrie, Extraktion und IR-Spektroskopie. Die Ergebnisse von behandelten und künstlich gealterten Papieren zeigen, dass die Entfernung der Fixiermittel von entscheidender Bedeutung zur Vermeidung von Rückständen und somit negativer Nebenwirkungen in Bezug auf Verfärbungen, Abnahme der mittleren Molmasse und Anstieg der Carbonylgruppen ist. An Papiere, die mit Rewin® EL und der Bückeburger Fixierlösung, die Rewin® EL enthält, behandelt wurden, zeigen diese Effekt sehr ausgeprägt. Mesitol® NBS scheint dagegen keinen negativen Einfluss zu haben, es könnte sogar einen positiven Effekt auf die Alterungseigenschaften der hier untersuchten Papiere geben. Eine 15-minütige Wässerung ist das Minimum, drei 10-minütige Wässerungsbehandlungen steigerten die Entfernung des Fixiermittels aus dem Whatman Filterpapier weiter. Dieser Schritt wird als entscheidend für Vermeidung von unerwünschten Nebenwirkungen angesehen.

Résumé

Retrait des fixateurs ioniques du papier (aide au traitement de nettoyage aqueux)

Les fixateurs ioniques Rewin® EL et Mesitol® NBS sont utilisés pendant les traitements aqueux pour éviter que les médias sensibles à l’eau ne déteignent. Leur application unique ou combinée varie selon les professionnels et également en fonction de l’intégration d’une étape de rinçage ultérieur et de son intensité. L’absence d’une étape de rinçage et l’application locale de fixateur sont des facteurs de risques connus pour la décoloration du papier. Le rôle du rinçage aqueux suite à l’application de fixateur a été étudié sur des échantillons de papier-filtre Whatman traités avec des solutions de fixateur de Mesitol® NBS, Rewin® EL ou la solution de fixateur Bückeburg, qui est une combinaison des deux en suspension. Les échantillons ont été vieillis artificiellement. Quatre problématiques liées à la fréquence et la durée du rinçage après application de fixateur ont été examinées: le degré de décoloration a été mesuré par CIELAB; la dégradation de la cellulose a été analysée par la mesure du poids moléculaire (Mw) et de la teneur en groupe carbonyle; la modification de la charge électrostatique du papier provoquée par le fixateur a été analysée par la coloration du colorant; la présence de résidus de fixateur a été déterminée quantitativement par analyse de poids, par extraction de polyélectrolyte, par spectroscopie en infrarouge. Les résultats sur papiers traités et vieillis artificiellement montrent que le rinçage est d’une grande importance pour réduire les résidus et ainsi diminuer tout effet négatif de décoloration, de perte de poids moléculaire et d’augmentation de groupe carbonyle dus à des résidus de fixateur. Les papiers traités avec la solution Rewin® EL et avec une solution de fixateur Bückeburg contenant Rewin®EL ont montré de manière significative ces effets. La solution Mesitol® NBS semble n’avoir aucun effet négatif et pourrait avoir un effet positif sur les propriétés de vieillissement du papier étudié. Un rinçage aqueux de 15 min représente le minimum requis; trois rinçages de 10 min sont efficaces pour maximiser l’élimination de fixateur du papier filtre Whatman. Le rinçage est essentiel pour le retrait du fixateur étudié dans la prévention des effets secondaires indésirables.

Funding statement: Funding: Institute for Preservation of Archives and Library Materials Ludwigsburg (Grant/Award Number: 1800000)

About the authors

Julia Roller

Julia Roller graduated in 2014 with a diploma degree in the conservation of works of art on paper, archives and library materials from the State Academy of Arts and Design Stuttgart, Germany. She also holds a diploma degree in biology from the Julius Maximilian University Würzburg, Germany with the focus on tropical and animal ecology. Presently she maintains freelance practice in Stuttgart, Germany.

Andrea Pataki

Andrea Pataki-Hundt is research assistant of the conservation laboratory at the graduate conservation education programme for conservation of works of art on paper, archive- and library materials since 1998 at the State Academy of Art and Design Stuttgart, where she also obtained her diploma (1997) and her PhD (2005). In 1998 she was an advanced fellow at the Walters Art Museum Baltimore, support by the Academic Exchange Programme (DAAD). From 2007 to 2009 she conducted a two-year postdoctoral research programme funded by the Landesstiftung Baden- Württemberg. In spring 2008 she was invited as a museum guest scholar at the J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles.

Antje Potthast

Antje Potthast gained a Ph.D. in chemistry at Dresden University of Technology and at the North Carolina State University in Raleigh (USA). She received a stipend of the Fonds der Chemischen Industrie. In 2003 she finished her habilitation in “Wood Chemistry”. From 1998 to 2005 she worked in the Christian-Doppler-Laboratory of “Pulp reactivity” at the University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences (BOKU) in Vienna (Austria). Presently she is Associate Professor at the University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) in Vienna (Austria) and together with Thomas Rosenau leader of the Christian-Doppler-Laboratory “Modern cellulose chemistry and analysis”.

Irene Brückle

Irene Brückle is professor and director of the book and paper conservation graduate education program at the State Academy of Art and Design in Stuttgart since 2008. Between 1990 and 2004, she taught at the Conservation Department, Buffalo State College (USA). She holds an M.A. in art history from the University at Buffalo and a Ph.D. in art technology/art history from the State Academy Stuttgart. From 2005 until 2008, she was head of conservation at the Kupferstichkabinett, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin.

Acknowledgements

The authors wish to thank Anna Haberditzl, head of division at the Institute for Preservation of Archives and Library Materials of the Landesarchiv Baden-Württemberg in Ludwigsburg, for suggesting the study of fixative solutions in the first place and for significantly supporting the analyses by allocating funds through the Landesarchiv Baden-Württemberg; Cornelia Bandow and Andrea Rendler, conservators at the Institute, generously and repeatedly shared their expertise. Ute Henniges, from the Division of Chemistry of Renewable Resources at the University of Natural Resources and Life Science, Vienna, shared her insights on key questions. Eva Hummert, scientific assistant at the Stuttgart programme, was of great help in conducting the project. Special gratitude is also extended to Agnes Blüher, head of paper deacidification at the Swiss National Library in Berne for invaluable discussions and the suggestion of using a dye indicator. Peter Rückert, head of division at the Hauptstaatsarchiv Stuttgart, Landesarchiv Baden-Württemberg, is thanked for his interest in this project; Renata Ricca and Martin Ramsauer, conservators at the Hauptstaatsarchiv, for discussing the project. Thanks are also extended to Irene Pollex (†) und Jens Kretzschmar of the Papiertechnische Stiftung in Munich/Heidenau for their invaluable effort in conducting the analyses of weight as well as the IR and NIR spectroscopy.

References

Arnold, R. B.: New tools to measure long-term paper stability. Works of Art on Paper, Books, Documents and Photographs – Techniques and Conservation, V. Daniels, A. Dornithorne, P. Smith (eds.), Contributions to the Baltimore Congress, 2–6 September 2002, IIC, London: 1–4.10.1179/sic.2002.47.s3.001Search in Google Scholar

Blüher, A., Haberditzl, A., Wimmer, T.: Aqueous conservation treatment of 20th century papers containing water-sensitive inks and dyes. Restaurator 20 (1999): 181–197.10.1515/rest.1999.20.3-4.181Search in Google Scholar

Bredereck, K., Blüher, A.: Fixierung moderner Schreibstoffe auf Papier – Möglichkeiten, praktische Aspekte und Grenzen. Restaurator 1 (1992): 49–57.Search in Google Scholar

Bredereck, K., Siller-Grabenstein, G.: Fixing of ink dyes as a basis for restauration and preservation techniques in archives. Restaurator 9 (1988): 113–135.10.1515/rest.1988.9.3.113Search in Google Scholar

Hartung, D.: Das Konservierungsbad der Neschen AG. Seine Anwendbarkeit auf Einzelobjekte in kleinen Restaurierungswerkstätten. Diploma thesis, HAWK Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaft und Kunst Hildesheim/Holzminden/Göttingen, 2006.Search in Google Scholar

Höing, H.: Die Konservierungsanlage im Niedersächsischen Staatsarchiv in Bückeburg: Bericht über den Probebetrieb und seine Ergebnisse. Der Archivar 50 (1997): 71–82, and http://www.uni-muenster.de/Forum-Bestandserhaltung/kons-restaurierung/hoeing-2.html (accessed 25.7.2015).Search in Google Scholar

Höing, H.: Das Bückeburger Verfahren zur Massenentsäuerung von Archivgut. Der Archivar 61 (2008): 163–166.Search in Google Scholar

Letouzey, M., Barbalat, M., Rouchon, V.: Side effects of ionic fixatives – colour changes versus artificial and real aging. PapierRestaurierung 9 (2008): 29–37.Search in Google Scholar

Lienardy, A., van Damme, P.: Paper washing. Paper Conservator 14 (1990): 23–29.10.1080/03094227.1990.9638384Search in Google Scholar

Röhrling, J., Potthast, A., Rosenau, T., Lange, T., Ebner, G., Sixta, H., Kosma, P.: A novel method for the determination of carbonyl groups in cellulosics by fluorescence labeling. 1. Method development. Biomacromolecules 755 (2002): 959–968.10.1021/bm020029qSearch in Google Scholar

Material sources

Mesitol® NBS: PRECHEL GmbH, Karlstrasse 2–4, 68723 Schwetzingen, Germany

Rewin® EL: CHT R. Beitlich GmbH, Bismarkstr. 102, 72072 Tübingen, Germany

Methylblue (C.I. 42780): Merck KgaA, 64271 Darmstadt, Germany

Distilled water: commercially available

Appendix

Molar mass moments of Whatman filter paper after treatment with ionic fixatives followed by a-d rinsing modes:

Sample, unagedMw [kg*mol−1]Mn [kg*mol−1]Mz [kg*mol−1]PDI* Mw/Mn
Ref5083147681.62
Ma4413046011.45
Mb4483146081.43
Mc4672936721.60
Md4523076331.47
Ra4913217341.53
Rb4922977941.65
Rc4423076011.44
Rd4842947351.65
Sa5213208131.63
Sb4782837431.69
Sc5293357891.58
Sd4902977371.65

Molar mass moments of Whatman filter paper after treatment with ionic fixatives followed by a-d rinsing modes and artificial ageing:

Sample, agedMw [kg*mol−1]Mn [kg*mol−1]Mz [kg*mol−1]PDI* Mw/Mn
Ref2641414031.87
Ma3992915201.37
Mb3842615611.47
Mc3092104211.47
Md3111904731.64
Ra2261164251.94
Rb4202526901.67
Rc4542936841.55
Rd4362437281.80
Sa2431244111.97
Sb3511935521.82
Sc3792155701.76
Sd3992186081.83

Carbonyl group content of Whatman filter paper after treatment with ionic fixatives followed by a-d rinsing modes, unaged and artificially aged:

SampleC=O [µmol g−1] unagedC=O [µmol g−1] aged
Ref0.74.6
Ma0.81.6
Mb0.62.8
Mc0.63.6
Md0.64.6
Ra0.67.4
Rb0.52.8
Rc0.51.7
Rd0.61.6
Sa0.55.0
Sb0.52.3
Sc0.61.5
Sd0.51.1
Received: 2015-8-4
Revised: 2015-10-28
Accepted: 2015-10-28
Published Online: 2015-11-17
Published in Print: 2015-12-1

©2015 by De Gruyter

Downloaded on 19.4.2024 from https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/res-2015-0011/html
Scroll to top button