Abstract
A lot of data on the flora of the Barents Sea are scattered in Russian publications and thus are largely inaccessible to many researchers. The study aims to compile a checklist and to verify the species composition of the Rhodophyta of the Barents Sea. The checklist is based on a comprehensive bibliographic study referring to a wide range of data on the species distribution, from the oldest to the most recent, indispensable for analyzing the temporal variability of the Barents Sea flora. A careful revision allows the report of 82 species of Rhodophyta, whereas 36 species have been excluded as belonging to doubtful records or misidentifications. The distribution of seven species in the Barents Sea is clarified. Seventeen species are widespread in the Barents Sea; 11 species are distributed locally. An extensive bibliography and data on the presence of the specimens in the herbarium of the Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences are provided.
1 Introduction
The Barents Sea (66°44′–81°30′N, 16°30′–68°32′E) is a marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean, located off the northern coasts of Norway and Russia, belonging to Norwegian and Russian territorial waters. The Barents Sea borders in the west with the Greenland Sea, in the southwest with the Norwegian Sea, in the south with the White Sea, and in the east, with the Kara Sea (Figure 1). The sea area is 1,424,000 km2, the average depth being 222 m. In the south-westernmost area, where the Atlantic water mass prevails, the surface water temperatures in winter range from 3 to 5 °C, in summer from 7 to 9 °C. This region of the Barents Sea remains ice-free all the year round. In other areas, where ice cover may appear, the absolute minimum is limited by the freezing point of −1.8 °C. In the northern part of the sea, summer maximum of water surface temperature reaches 4–7 °C, in the southeast part, 15–20 °C. During the year, surface water salinity ranges from 34.7 to 35.0 in the southwest, from 32.0 to 34.0 in the east and the north (Ecologicheskij Atlas 2020). A variety of ecosystems provides favorable habitats for seaweed growth.
Schematic map of the Barents Sea. Symbols: 1, Spitsbergen; 2, Bear Island; 3, northern Norway; 4, Murman coast; 5, southeastern part of the Barents Sea; 6, Novaya Zemlya; 7, Franz Josef Land.
The history of the study of the flora of the Barents Sea is described briefly below. The first specimens of the benthic algae from the Barents Sea were collected in 1837 and 1840 during the expeditions of Academician Karl Baer to Novaya Zemlya and the Kola Peninsula. These collections, as well as those of A. Schrenk (1854), were then used by Franz Ruprecht to summarize the data available at that time on the seaweeds of the “Ice Sea” stretching from Finnmark to the Beaufort Sea. In total, 52 species were indicated for the area of the modern Barents Sea (Postels and Ruprecht 1840). Christophor Gobi reported 76 species for the White Sea and the adjacent parts of the Arctic Ocean (Gobi 1878). Some information about marine algae of the Novaya Zemlya Archipelago and the Yugorsky Strait is found in publications of the 19th century (Heuglin 1874; Schrenk 1854; Sewell 1889; Zeller 1883). Studies of the benthic algae from Spitsbergen also have a long history (Fredriksen et al. 2019). Several Swedish surveys made a great contribution to the knowledge of seaweeds in this archipelago. In particular, Nordenskjöld’s expeditions in 1872–1880 to Spitsbergen, Novaya Zemlya, and northern Siberia were especially productive, because the famous Swedish phycologist F.R. Kjellman was a member of the team. Kjellman published a number of works on algae from different regions of the Barents Sea based on the results of processing the collected materials and summarizing all available data (Kjellman 1875, 1877, 1883, 1903).
In the 20th century, Russian and Soviet phycologists made significant contributions to knowledge about the algae of the Barents Sea. The Murman coast is the best explored area. Regard must be paid to the floristic works of E.S. Sinova (1912, 1914, 1916a,b, 1926, 1933, which were continued by the floristic and taxonomic studies of her niece A.D. Zinova (1935, 1948, 1950, 1953b, 1955. Zinova may be considered rightfully the founder of the Soviet marine algological school. Her followers continued these researches successfully (Blinova 1964, 1965a,b, 1966; Grintal 1965; Perestenko 1963, 1964, 1983; Vinogradova 1961, 1964a,b, 2002, 2005a,b, 2007, 2010, 2011; Vinogradova and Shtrik 2005). Different floristic information and data on the biology and taxonomy of certain species of the Barents Sea may be obtained from recent publications (Averintseva and Shoshina 1990; Efimova 1990, 1995; Evseeva 2018; Kuznetsov and Schoschina 2003; Makarov and Shoshina 1986; Malavenda 2018; Malavenda and Makarov 2014; Malavenda and Metelskiy 2013; Malavenda et al. 2017; Markovskaya et al. 2016; Mikhaylova 2006, 2012; Mikhaylova and Shtrik 2007; Schoschina 1996, 1998; Shoshina 1991; Shoshina and Averintseva 1994; Shoshina and Makarov 1995; Shoshina et al. 1994). Information about the algae of the Norwegian coast of the Barents Sea was obtained from a range of publications over a hundred-year period (Børgesen and Jonsson 1908; Foslie 1881, 1890; Jaasund 1965; Rueness 1977, 1997; Simmons 1906).
Information on the algal flora on Bear Island is extremely scarce (Børgesen and Jonsson 1908; Kjellman 1883, 1903; Weslawski et al. 1997). Other areas remote from the vicinity of the marine biological stations were studied in a number of Soviet and Russian marine expeditions. As a result of these expeditions, new data were obtained on the algae of Novaya Zemlya (Evseeva 2018; Flerov 1932; Flerov and Karsakoff 1932; Gemp and Byzova 1970; Shirshov 1933; Shtric et al. 2000; Sinova 1929, 1956), Franz Josef Land (Averincev and Vinogradova 1990; Golikov and Averincev 1977; Terechova 1973; Vinogradova 1986, 1987; Vinogradova and Shoshina 1993) and the southeastern part of the Barents Sea (Averintseva 1996; Flerov and Karsakoff 1925; Korennikov and Gemp 1976; Korennikov and Shoshina 1980; Kucheruk et al. 2003; Metelskiy 2014; Mikhaylova 2006; Pushkin 1968).
Lists of Rhodophyta of the Barents Sea are presented in the publications of Gobi (1878), Kjellman (1883), Simmons (1906), Børgesen and Jonsson (1908), Sinova (1912, 1914, 1926, Zinova (1955), Kuznetsov and Schoschina (2003), Malavenda et al. (2017) and Evseeva (2018) where 29, 38, 63, 66, 71, 75, 62, 74, and 89 species of red algae were named, respectively. The number of Rhodophyta species reported for the Barents Sea has increased over time. However, the most recent census (Evseeva 2018) contains inaccuracies and thus requires clarification. In addition, there have been recent changes in the taxonomic status and nomenclature of some species.
Accurate and valid information on the distribution of species in the past and present is especially relevant in relation to the close attention now paid to changes in biodiversity. This study aims to provide complete information about when, under what names, and by whom the red algal species in the Barents Sea have been reported. The revised checklist comprises the data on the species distribution, covering a vast period from the oldest to the most recent publications, and aims to list the available literature for the region in full. Therefore, this checklist is a valuable source for analyzing the temporal variability of the Barents Sea flora.
2 Materials and methods
The checklist is based on comprehensive bibliographic material comprising both Russian and international publications that were screened for species records. The lists for the seaweeds of the Barents Sea (Børgesen and Jonsson 1908; Evseeva 2018; Kjellman 1883; Kuznetsov and Schoschina 2003; Malavenda et al. 2017; Simmons 1906; Sinova 1912; Zinova 1955) were used as a starting point to compile the revised checklist of the Rhodophyta of the Barents Sea. The physical presence of specimens in the herbarium of the Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg (LE), was checked. Species records were excluded from the checklist if they were based on misidentifications or were not supported by sufficient evidence, such as published descriptions or herbarium specimens. Taxa of marine macroalgae reported in scientific books, journals and conference proceedings have been critically reviewed with regard to present-day taxonomy and nomenclature, mostly using the online data provided by the site AlgaeBase (Guiry and Guiry 2021). The taxonomy of Bangiales, Corallinales, Hapalidiales and Ceramiales is given with reference to the studies by Vinogradova (2002, 2005a,b, 2007, 2010, 2011.
The taxonomic arrangement of orders follows recent synoptic reviews of the classification of red algae (Schneider and Wynne 2007; Wynne and Schneider 2010). Within each order, the species are arranged alphabetically (Table 1, Supplementary Table S1). The distribution of species is listed for seven regions of the Barents Sea: Spitsbergen (the southern and eastern coasts), Bear Island, northern Norway (from the North Cape to the Varanger Peninsula), the Murman coast, the southeastern part of the Barents Sea (from the Kanin Nos Cape to the Kara Strait), Novaya Zemlya (the western coast), and Franz Josef Land (Figure 1). Data on the red algae of Spitsbergen without specifying the exact localities were also used (Agardh 1862, 1868a,b; Børgesen and Jonsson 1908; Heuglin 1874; Lindblom 1840; Simmons 1906). If the species from these sources were later found on the southern and/or eastern coasts of the archipelago (i.e. belonging to the Barents Sea), they are then also listed.
Numbers of references with species records, and the presence of the specimens in the herbarium of the Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg (LE) for different regions of the Barents Sea.
| No. | Current names | Regions of the Barents Sea | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SB | BI | NN | MC | SE | NZ | FJ | ||
| Stylonematales | ||||||||
| 1 | Stylonema alsidii (Zanardini) K.M. Drew | 3 | ||||||
| Erythropeltidales | ||||||||
| 2 | Erythrocladia irregularis Rosenvinge | 1 | 8 | 1 | ||||
| 3 | Erythrocladia polystromatica P.J.L. Dangeard | 2 | ||||||
| 4 | Porphyropsis coccinea (J. Agardh ex Areschoug) Rosenvinge | 3, LE | ||||||
| 5 | Sahlingia subintegra (Rosenvinge) Kornmann | 3, LE | ||||||
| Bangiales | ||||||||
| 6 | Bangia fuscopurpurea (Dillwyn) Lyngbye | 7 | 16, LE | 1 | ||||
| 7 | Neopyropia leucosticta (Thuret) L.-E.Yang et J. Brodie | 7, LE | ||||||
| 8 | Porphyra purpurea (Roth) C. Agardh | 5 | 23, LE | 1 | 2 | |||
| 9 | Porphyra umbilicalis Kützing | 6 | 26, LE | |||||
| 10 | Wildemania amplissima (Kjellman) Foslie | 2 | 22, LE | |||||
| 11 | Wildemania miniata (C. Agardh) Foslie | 3 | 4 | 22, LE | ||||
| Hildenbrandiales | ||||||||
| 12 | Hildenbrandia rubra (Sommerfelt) Meneghini | 3 | 6 | 16, LE | 3 | 6 | 2 | |
| Acrochaetiales | ||||||||
| 13 | Acrochaetium alariae (Jónsson) Bornet | 3 | 5 | |||||
| 14 | Acrochaetium humile (Rosenvinge) Børgesen | 2 | 5 | |||||
| 15 | Acrochaetium microscopicum (Nägeli ex Kützing) Nägeli in Nägeli et Cramer | 3 | 2 | |||||
| 16 | Acrochaetium parvulum (Kylin) Hoyt | 1 | 2 | 6 | ||||
| 17 | Acrochaetium secundatum (Lyngbye) Nägeli in Nägeli et Cramer | 5 | 13, LE | 3 | 6 | |||
| 18 | Grania efflorescens (J. Agardh) Kylin | 3 | 4 | 9 | 3 | 5 | 5 | |
| 19 | Rhodochorton purpureum (Lightfoot) Rosenvinge | 5 | 5 | 18, LE | 6 | 2 | ||
| Colaconematales | ||||||||
| 20 | Colaconema daviesii (Dillwyn) Stegenga | 3 | 7 | |||||
| 21 | Colaconema hallandicum (Kylin) Afonso-Carrillo, Sanson, Sangil et Diaz-Villa | 1 | 1 | 4 | 3 | |||
| 22 | Colaconema leptonema (Rosenvinge) Alongi, Cormaci et G. Furnari in Cormaci, G. Furnari et Alongi | 2 | ||||||
| Corallinales | ||||||||
| 23 | Corallina officinalis Linnaeus | 6 | 25, LE | 9, LE | 5, LE | |||
| 24 | Lithophyllum crouaniorum Foslie | 2 | 5, LE | |||||
| 25 | Lithothamnion glaciale Kjellman | 3 | 1 | 6 | 9, LE | 1(?) | 9, LE | LE |
| 26 | Lithothamnion norvegicum (Areschoug) Kjellman | 2 | 7, LE | |||||
| 27 | Lithothamnion tophiforme (Esper) Unger | 6 | 10, LE | 5 | ||||
| 28 | Phymatolithon lenormandii (Areschoug) W.H. Adey | 4 | 4 | |||||
| 29 | Phymatolithon purpureum (P. Crouan et H. Crouan) Woelkerling et L.M. Irvine | 6 | 11, LE | 1 | 9, LE | 6, LE | ||
| Hapalidiales | ||||||||
| 30 | Clathromorphum circumscriptum (Strömfelt) Foslie | 4 | 5, LE | |||||
| 31 | Clathromorphum compactum (Kjellman) Foslie | 3 | 9, LE | 3 | 10, LE | 5, LE | ||
| 32 | Kvaleya epilaeve Adey et Sperapani | 2 | ||||||
| 33 | Leptophytum foecundum (Kjellman) W.H. Adey | 3 | 2 | 4, LE | 1 | |||
| 34 | Leptophytum laeve Adey | 3 | 6 | 6, LE | 5, LE | 4, LE | ||
| 35 | Neopolyporolithon arcticum (Kjellman) P.W. Gabrielson, S.C. Lindstrom et Hughey | 1 | ||||||
| Palmariales | ||||||||
| 36 | Devaleraea arctica (A.D. Zinova) Guiry | 1 | 5 | |||||
| 37 | Devaleraea ramentacea (Linnaeus) Guiry | 10 | 3 | 8 | 34, LE | 6, LE | 14, LE | 4, LE |
| 38 | Meiodiscus spetsbergensis (Kjellman) G.W. Saunders et McLachlan | 3 | 1 | 6 | 18, LE | 3 | 6 | 2 |
| 39 | Palmaria palmata (Linnaeus) F. Weber et D. Mohr | 11 | 3 | 7, LE | 38, LE | 9, LE | 13, LE | 1 |
| 40 | Rhodophysema elegans (P. Crouan et H. Crouan ex J. Agardh) P.S. Dixon | 1 | 7 | 1 | 5 | |||
| 41 | Rhodophysema lundii (Edelstein) C.W. Schneider et M.J. Wynne | 1 | 6 | 5 | ||||
| 42 | Rubrointrusa membranacea (Magnus) S.L. Clayden et G.W. Saunders | 1 | 4 | 4 | 2 | |||
| Ahnfeltiales | ||||||||
| 43 | Ahnfeltia plicata (Hudson) E.M. Fries | 3 | 5 | 13, LE | 10, LE | 4 | ||
| Bonnemaisoniales | ||||||||
| 44 | Bonnemaisonia hamifera Hariot | 1 | 2 | |||||
| Ceramiales | ||||||||
| 45 | Antithamnionella floccosa (O.F. Müller) Whittick | 1 | 6 | 19, LE | 1 | 1 | ||
| 46 | Ceramium deslongchampsii Chauvin ex Duby | 6 | 9, LE | 5 | 4 | |||
| 47 | Ceramium virgatum Roth | 4 | 7 | 33, LE | 9, LE | 13, LE | ||
| 48 | Choreocolax polysiphoniae Reinsch | 3 | 6, LE | |||||
| 49 | Delesseria sanguinea (Hudson) J.V. Lamouroux | 7 | 22, LE | 1 | 4, LE | 7 | ||
| 50 | Gaillona scopulorum (C. Agardh) Athanasiadis | 3 | ||||||
| 51 | Harveyella mirabilis (Reinsch) F. Schmitz et Reinke in Reinke | 5 | 9, LE | 4 | 5 | |||
| 52 | Membranoptera alata (Hudson) Stackhouse | 2 | 1 | 6 | 20, LE | |||
| 53 | Membranoptera fabriciana (Lyngbye) M.J. Wynne et G.W. Saunders | 7 | 2 | 3 | 16, LE | 7, LE | 9, LE | |
| 54 | Odonthalia dentata (Linnaeus) Lyngbye | 10 | 3 | 8 | 34, LE | 14, LE | 19, LE | 7 |
| 55 | Phycodrys rubens (Linnaeus) Batters | 13, LE | 3 | 7 | 33, LE | 18, LE | 18, LE | 8, LE |
| 56 | Plumaria plumosa (Hudson) Kuntze | 6 | 15, LE | |||||
| 57 | Polysiphonia stricta (Mertens ex Dillwyn) Greville | 3 | 9 | 37, LE | 10, LE | 12, LE | 7 | |
| 58 | Ptilota gunneri P.C. Silva, Maggs et L.M. Irvine in Maggs et Hommersand | 7 | 8 | 31, LE | 9, LE | 16, LE | 6 | |
| 59 | Ptilota serrata Kützing | 6, LE | 2 | 7 | 22, LE | 10, LE | 13, LE | |
| 60 | Rhodomela confervoides (Hudson) P.C. Silva | 8 | 8, LE | 36, LE | 12, LE | 14, LE | 5 | |
| 61 | Rhodomela sibirica A.D. Zinova et Vinogradova in Vinogradova | 5 | ||||||
| 62 | Savoiea arctica (J. Agardh) M.J. Wynne | 11 | 1 | 8 | 27, LE | 12, LE | 16, LE | 10, LE |
| 63 | Scagelia pylaisaei (Montagne) M.J. Wynne | 6 | 7 | 20, LE | 8 | 12, LE | ||
| 64 | Vertebrata fucoides (Hudson) Kuntze | 2 | 7 | 21, LE | 9, LE | 3, LE | ||
| 65 | Vertebrata lanosa (Linnaeus) T.A. Christensen | 7 | 22, LE | |||||
| Gigartinales | ||||||||
| 66 | Chondrus crispus Stackhouse | 6 | 16 | 1 | 1 | |||
| 67 | Coccotylus brodiei (Turner) Kützing | 1 | 3 | 14, LE | 7, LE | 11, LE | ||
| 68 | Coccotylus hartzii (Rosenvinge) Le Gall et G.W. Saunders | 2 | 4 | 4 | 3 | |||
| 69 | Coccotylus truncatus (Pallas) M.J. Wynne et J.N. Heine | 9 | 1 | 5 | 20, LE | 10, LE | 15, LE | 7 |
| 70 | Cystoclonium purpureum (Hudson) Batters | 6, LE | 20, LE | 6, LE | 4, LE | |||
| 71 | Dilsea carnosa (Schmidel) Kuntze | 1 | 7 | 2 | 3 | 1 | ||
| 72 | Dumontia contorta (S.G.Gmelin) Ruprecht | 2 | 7 | 22, LE | 1, LE | |||
| 73 | Euthora cristata (C. Agardh) J. Agardh | 9 | 2 | 7 | 28, LE | 12, LE | 13, LE | 5 |
| 74 | Fimbrifolium dichotomum (Lepechin) G.I. Hansen | 5 | 2 | 7, LE | 26, LE | 9, LE | 7, LE | |
| 75 | Furcellaria lumbricalis (Hudson) J.V. Lamouroux | 7 | 13, LE | 6, LE | 6, LE | |||
| 76 | Haemescharia hennedyi (Harvey) K.L. Vinogradova et Yacovleva | 1 | ||||||
| 77 | Mastocarpus stellatus (Stackhouse) Guiry in Guiry et al. | 5, LE | 7 | |||||
| 78 | Neodilsea integra (Kjellman) A.D. Zinova | 6 | 1 | 9, LE | 16, LE | |||
| 79 | Petrocelis middendorfii (Ruprecht) Kjellman | 3 | 2 | 3 | ||||
| 80 | Polyides rotunda (Hudson) Gaillon | 5 | 22, LE | 10, LE | 9, LE | |||
| 81 | Turnerella pennyi (Harvey) F. Schmitz in Rosenvinge | 8 | 1 | 5 | 16, LE | 7, LE | ||
| Peyssonneliales | ||||||||
| 82 | Peyssonnelia rosenvingei F. Schmitz in Rosenvinge | 2 | 4 | 3, LE | ||||
| Total species for each region | 32 | 18 | 71 | 76 | 42 | 49 | 23 | |
Symbols: SP, Spitsbergen; BI, Bear Island; NN, northern Norway; MC, Murman coast; SE, southeastern Barents Sea; NZ, Novaya Zemlya; FJ, Franz Josef Land.
The floras of Rhodophyta of these seven areas of the Barents Sea were compared pairwise using the Sørensen similarity index: Cs = (2Na+b)/(Na + Nb), where Na, number of species in the first region; Nb, number of species in the second region; Na+b, number of species in common for both regions (Magurran 1988).
3 Results and discussion
In consideration of the taxonomic and nomenclatural changes, as well as correcting inaccurate records, the list was reduced to 82 species (Table 1, Supplementary Table S1). The current names of the species and the number of references citing each species findings in different areas of the Barents Sea is presented in Table 1. The detailed data, i.e. the full reference list and all names under which the species were mentioned by the authors, are given in Supplementary Table S1. Mainly reliable records were included in this list. There are also 36 red algal species mentioned in the publications on the Barents Sea but excluded from the checklist for several reasons. The list of doubtful, unchecked, and misidentified species is presented and discussed in Supplementary Table S2.
The species of red algae included in the present checklist belong to 14 orders, the largest of which are Ceramiales (21 species), Gigartinales (16), Acrochaetiales (7), Palmariales (7), Corallinales (7), Hapalidiales (6), and Bangiales (6). The distribution of certain species in the Barents Sea is clarified below.
The record of Neodilsea integra in the Barents Sea as Dilsea integra (Zinova 1955: 66–67) refers to a specimen from the Murman coast named Sarcophyllis arctica by E.S. Sinova (1912: 259). Subsequently, A.D. Zinova (Zinova 1961a: 85) re-identified this specimen as belonging to the genus Rhodymenia; in the up-to-date census of the Arctic flora, this is the genus Palmaria. The only recent record of this Arctic species from the Murman coast (Evseeva 2018: 19), named by that author as Dilsea socialis, is doubtful because no voucher specimens have been presented by the author.
Børgesen and Jonsson (1908) reported Neopolyporolithon arcticum as Lithothamnion arcticum from the “Murman Sea” without providing exact coordinates of the sites of collection. Therefore, this record cannot be included in the present checklist.
Rhodomela sibirica A. Zinova et Vinogradova is reliably known only from the southeastern part of the Barents Sea (Kucheruk et al. 2003: 225; Malavenda et al. 2017: 344; Mikhaylova 2006; Vinogradova 2005b: 1055, 2011: 688). The new data about distribution of this species from the Murman coast and Novaya Zemlya (Evseeva 2018, 21) are doubtful because they have not been confirmed by herbarium specimens, their description, or illustrations.
The records of Plumaria plumosa (=Ptilota elegans) from the southeastern coast of the Barents Sea and Novaya Zemlya (Evseeva 2018: 20; Malavenda et al. 2017: 344) are doubtful because no voucher specimen was reported. Kjellman (1877: 23) also expressed some doubts about the finding of P. elegans by J. Agardh during Rosenthal’s expedition because he had no possibility to look at Agardh’s collection and did not find this species when visiting Novaya Zemlya later. Vinogradova (2011: 683) reported P. plumosa in the Barents Sea on the Murman coast and the coast of the northern Norway; she characterized this species as an Atlantic element of the Arctic flora, entering only the border regions of the Arctic Ocean. Similarly, Membranoptera alata is known as an Atlantic species (Vinogradova 2011: 686). Zeller (1883: 105) reported this species as Delesseria alata probably from the southeastern coast of the Barents Sea, but without providing exact localities. This record, as well as a report of this species from Novaya Zemlya (Evseeva 2018: 20), is also doubtful because the authors have not confirmed it by voucher specimens.
Zinova (1953a, 1955 reported Devaleraea arctica (Halosaccion arcticum A.D. Zinova) from Spitsbergen. There is a specimen collected by Kjellman in 1872–1873 from Spitsbergen without providing exact localities in the LE collection, which is listed there as the syntype of H. arcticum (Mikhaylova and Sokolova 2020: 1115). The records of Coccotylus brodiei at Spitsbergen are based on old data without exact localities (Agardh 1862, 1868a; Børgesen and Jonsson 1908; Heuglin 1874; Kjellman 1875; Simmons 1906); the presence of this species in the Spitsbergen flora nowadays, in particular along the southeastern coast of Spitsbergen, requires verification. Therefore, these records cannot be confidently included in the checklist of Rhodophyta of the Barents Sea.
Seventeen algal species are widespread according to the analysis of the species distribution. Nine of them are found throughout the Barents Sea (Coccotylus truncatus, Devaleraea ramentacea, Euthora cristata, Lithothamnion glaciale, Meiodiscus spetsbergensis, Odonthalia dentata, Palmaria palmata, Phycodrys rubens, Savoiea arctica), three species are absent from Franz Josef Land (Fimbrifolium dichotomum, Membranoptera fabriciana, Ptilota serrata), and five absent from Bear Island (Grania efflorescens, Hildenbrandia rubra, Polysiphonia stricta, Ptilota gunneri, Rhodomela confervoides). Eleven species are distributed locally; two of them are recorded only on the Norwegian coast (Gaillona scopulorum, Kvaleya epilaeve), seven on the Murman coast (Colaconema leptonema, Erythrocladia polystromatica, Haemescharia hennedyi, Neopyropia leucosticta, Porphyropsis coccinea, Sahlingia subintegra, Stylonema alsidii). Rhodomela sibirica has been found only in the southeastern part, and Neopolyporolithon arcticum near Novaya Zemlya.
The short list of algae along Bear Island (Table 1) is undoubtedly explained by insufficient research of this region. That is the reason that these data have not been used in the comparative analysis of local floras. The Sørensen similarity index was calculated to examine the similarity of Rhodophyta floras among different regions of the Barents Sea. Unsurprisingly, the highest similarity is observed between the Norwegian and the Murman coasts (Table 2). Most species of the Murman coast were also found on the Norwegian coast of the Barents Sea except for the seven species mentioned above. It should be noted that five species, C. leptonema, H. hennedyi, P. coccinea, S. subintegra, and S. alsidii, were recorded on the western Norwegian coast (Rueness 1997), so one can expect to find them in northern Norway. High Sørensen similarity indices are also observed between Novaya Zemlya and three other regions: northern Norway, the Murman coasts, and the southeastern Barents Sea (Table 2). The comparatively rich flora of Novaya Zemlya includes 92.5% of the flora of the southeastern Barents Sea. Franz Josef Land is characterized by the poorest species composition (Table 1). Therefore, the Sørensen similarity indices between Franz Josef Land and all other regions of the Barents Sea are the lowest (Table 2).
Sørensen similarity index among the local floras of the Barents Sea, and (in brackets) the number of species common to each pair of regions.
| Regions | NN | MC | SE | NZ | FJ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SP | 0.60 (31) | 0.57 (31) | 0.65 (24) | 0.67 (27) | 0.58 (16) |
| NN | 0.94 (69) | 0.71 (40) | 0.78 (47) | 0.47 (22) | |
| MC | 0.68 (40) | 0.75 (47) | 0.44 (22) | ||
| SE | 0.84 (38) | 0.55 (18) | |||
| NZ | 0.58 (21) |
Symbols: SP, Spitsbergen; NN, northern Norway; MC, Murman сoast; SE, southeastern Barents Sea; NZ, Novaya Zemlya; FJ, Franz Josef Land.
Due to the lack of sufficient molecular genetic data on specimens from the Barents Sea, the morphological concept of species was applied in the present study. Recent molecular genetic studies have provided evidence on significant genetic diversity and the presence of cryptic species in southwest Norway and some regions of the Arctic Ocean, including in several genera of red algae (Bringloe et al. 2019, 2020). A similar pattern may be expected for the Barents Sea, which will change the similarity indices to some extent. However, with a unified approach to the analysis of the species composition of red algae within the Barents Sea, this comparison may be considered correct.
On a global scale, most of the species from the Barents Sea are circumpolar. The distribution patterns of 10 species (Ceramium virgatum, Clathromorphum circumscriptum, Coccotylus brodiei, Fimbrifolium dichotomum, Membranoptera fabriciana, Ptilota gunneri, Rhodochorton purpureum, Rhodomela confervoides, Turnerella pennyi, Wildemania miniata) are clear northern extensions of North Atlantic populations (Bringloe et al. 2020; Vinogradova 1999). Only one species (Rhodomela sibirica) has a Pacific origin (Bringloe et al. 2020; Vinogradova 2005b, 2011).
The data presented in this paper are necessary background for further research. The information in Supplementary Table S1 allows searching easily for the original names and morphologically defined species in earlier publications. In addition, further development of molecular genetic methods will allow study of old specimens, preserved in the LE collection (Table 1, Supplementary Table S1).
The overview provided in the present study will serve as a definitive starting point for relevant molecular genetic studies, biogeographic research, and assessment of the impact of climate change on the biodiversity of red algae in the future. Finally, similar attention must be paid to the same issues for brown and green algae; when completed, this revision will bring a complete assessment of the diversity of macroalgae in the Barents Sea.
4 Conclusion
Nowadays, special attention is paid to obtaining a complete pattern of the biodiversity of the Arctic considering ongoing climate change. Only accurate data on the distribution of species in the past and present can be used in making projections of future distributional shifts of polar and cold-temperate seaweeds. In this paper, the list of Rhodophyta of the Barents Sea was thoroughly revised and discussed. A total of 82 valid species of red algae has been revealed by a comprehensive bibliographic search and considering current taxonomic and nomenclatural changes. Inaccurate records were found and corrected. The present revision has allowed the exclusion of unchecked and misidentified records for 36 species from the final checklist. By analyzing the distribution of the Rhodophyta in the Barents Sea, the widespread and restricted species were defined. These data are the starting point for relevant further molecular genetic studies and biogeographic research of the red algae in the Barents Sea.
Funding source: Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Award Identifier / Grant number: 121021600184-6
About the author
Tatiana A. Mikhaylova is a head of the Laboratory of Algology of Komarov Botanical Institute. She received her PhD in 2000 under Dr. K. Vinogradova at Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russia. Her main research interests are floristics, marine ecology, and taxonomy of seaweeds.
Acknowledgments
The author thanks Dr. D. M. Martynova and A.V. Chaban for their support during the manuscript preparation. The present study was carried out within the framework of the institutional research project of the Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences “Flora and taxonomy of algae, lichens and bryophytes in Russia and phytogeographically important regions of the world” (no. 121021600184-6).
Author contributions: The author has accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved submission.
Research funding: The present study was carried out within the framework of the institutional research project of the Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences “Flora and taxonomy of algae, lichens and bryophytes in Russia and phytogeographically important regions of the world” (no. 121021600184-6).
Conflict of interest statement: The author declares no conflicts of interest regarding this article.
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