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Variable coding and object alignment in Spanish: A corpus-based approach

  • José M. García-Miguel EMAIL logo
From the journal Folia Linguistica

Abstract

This article discusses three variable coding properties of Spanish objects: flagging (a-marking vs. ø-marking), indexing (clitic doubling vs. no doubling), and clitic case form (accusative lo vs. dative le). These properties are essential for the formal identification of grammatical relations. They are triggered by similar parameters that partly overlap and partly show distinct distributions, yet they also challenge the boundaries between direct objects [DO] and indirect objects [IO] and raise the question whether the typological alignment of Spanish (di)transitive clauses is indirective or secundative. The study draws on quantitative and qualitative corpus data on formal, semantic, and discourse properties of core participants in Spanish clauses, relating these properties to the distribution of variable coding. It is concluded that a-marking, clitic doubling, and leísmo are less frequently employed than unmarked objects, no doubling, and accusative case for clitics, that Spanish DO and IO must be taken as extreme points of a more general Object syntactic function, and that, in general, all variable object coding follows an indirective alignment type. Consequently, animate and topical objects are considered as formally and functionally marked atypical objects both in monotransitive and ditransitive clauses.

Acknowledgments

I wish to thank two anonymous reviewers from Folia Linguistica for their interesting remarks, which have greatly improved this contribution. Very preliminary versions of this research were presented at several places (UCSB, UNAM, KU Leuven, Helsinki). I thank those audiences for comments, as well as Victoria Vázquez-Rozas, Maruxa Cabeza, Martin Haspelmath, and Frank Seifart, for their helpful reading and discussion of earlier fragments of this paper, and Jeff Beasley and Hubert Cuyckens for editing assistance. Research leading to the ADESSE database was founded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation and its predecessors (BFF2002-01197, HUM2005-01573, FFI2008-01953). This research has also benefited from mobility grants PR2005-0412 and PRX12/00681 from the Spanish Ministry of Education

Abbreviations

1/2/3=first/second/third person; acc=accusative; dat=dative; def=definite; f=feminine; fut=future; ipfv=imperfective; m=masculine; pfv=perfective; pl=plural; pst=past; sg=singular; sbjv=subjunctive

Appendix: References for the texts of the ARTHUS corpus

1in:

Olmo, Lauro & Pilar Enciso (eds.) 1987. Teatro infantil, I, Madrid: Antonio Machado.

2in:

Olmo, Lauro & Pilar Enciso (eds.) 1987. Teatro infantil II, Madrid: Antonio Machado.

1vo:

La Voz de Galicia, 30 October 1991. A Coruña

2vo:

La Voz de Galicia, 22 November 1991. A Coruña

3vo:

La Voz de Galicia, 23 November 1991. A Coruña

aye:

Díaz, Jorge 1988. Ayer, sin ir más lejos. Madrid: Antonio Machado.

bai:

Barrenechea, Ana María (ed.) 1987. El habla culta de la ciudad de Buenos Aires. Materiales para su estudio (tomo 2). Buenos Aires: Instituto de Filología y Literaturas Hispánicas ‘Dr. Amado Alonso’.

cai:

Buero Vallejo, Antonio 1981.Caimán. Madrid: Espasa-Calpe.

car:

Colinas, A. 1986. Larga carta a Francesca. Barcelona: Seix Barral.

cin:

Reina, María Manuela 1989. La cinta dorada. Madrid: Antonio Machado.

coa:

Fernán Gómez, Fernando 1987. La coartada. Madrid: Antonio Machado.

cro:

García Márquez, Gabriel 1987. Crónica de una muerte anunciada. Madrid: Mondadori.

die:

Poniatowska, Elena 1987. Querido Diego, te abraza Quiela y otros cuentos. Madrid: Alianza/Era.

gle:

Cortázar, Julio 1981. Queremos tanto a Glenda, Madrid: Alfaguara, 4th edn.

his:

Bioy Casares, Adolfo 1986. Historias desaforadas. Madrid: Alianza.

hom:

Salom, Jaime 1984. Un hombre en la puerta. Madrid: Preyson.

hot:

Gala, Antonio 1988. El hotelito. Madrid: Antonio Machado.

jov:

Aldecoa, Josefina 1986. Porque éramos jóvenes. Barcelona: Seix Barral.

lab:

Mendoza, Eduardo 1982. El laberinto de las aceitunas. Barcelona: Seix Barral.

lin:

Bunge, Mario 1983. Lingüística y filosofía. Barcelona: Ariel.

mad:

Esgueva, Manuel & Margarita Cantarero (eds.) 1981. Elhabla de la ciudad de Madrid. Materiales para su estudio. Madrid: CSIC.

mir:

Guelbenzu, José María 1987. La mirada. Madrid: Alianza.

mor:

Alonso de Santos, José Luis 1987. Bajarse al moro, 2nd ed. Madrid: A. Machado.

och:

Diosdado, Ana 1990. Los ochenta son nuestros. Madrid: Antonio Machado.

pai:

Goytisolo, Juan 1982. Paisajes después de la batalla. Barcelona: Montesinos.

pas:

Reina, María Manuela 1988. El pasajero de la noche. Madrid: Antonio Machado.

rat:

Sánchez Ferlosio, Rafael 1986. La homilía del ratón. Madrid: El País.

sev:

Pineda, Miguel Angel de (ed.) 1983. Sociolingüística andaluza 2: Material de encuestas para el estudio del habla urbana culta de Sevilla. Sevilla: Universidad de Sevilla.

son:

Sampedro, José Luis 1985. La sonrisa etrusca. Madrid: Alfaguara.

sur:

García Morales, Adelaida 1985. El sur (seguido de Bene). Barcelona: Anagrama.

ter:

Martínez de Pisón, Ignacio 1988. La ternura del dragón, 3rd ed. Barcelona: Anagrama.

tie:

Paz, Octavio 1983. Tiempo nublado. Barcelona: Seix Barral.

uso:

Martín Gaite, Carmen 1988. Usos amorosos de la postguerra española, 8th ed. Barcelona: Anagrama.

zor:

Nieva, Francisco 1989. Te quiero, zorra. Madrid: Ed. Antonio Machado.

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Received: 2014-10-2
Revised: 2013-6-27
Revised: 2014-7-10
Accepted: 2014-11-2
Published Online: 2015-4-28
Published in Print: 2015-5-1

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