Abstract
Objectives
Indoor air quality has a significant impact on our health and quality of life, as people spends 80–90% of their time indoors. Fumigation of several medicinal herbs has been recommended by Unani scholars to improve air quality, but their efficacy in air purification is still unknown. Hence, this article aims to discuss the applicability of proposed medicinal herbs in the light of current researches.
Methods
A manual literature survey of classical Unani texts was conducted to collect information about the herbs recommended for air purification. In addition, research databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect were extensively searched for evidence on the efficacy and mechanism of action of the suggested herbs in air purification.
Results
In classical Unani texts, authors have found descriptions of 26 herbs that have been recommended for improving air quality. In-vitro studies have confirmed the antimicrobial activity of 19 of these herbs. Moreover, the efficacy of Styrax benzoin, Commiphora myrrha and Acorus calamus fumigation on aerial microbes have also been validated by studies.
Conclusions
The findings of the literature review clearly demonstrated that the herbs recommended by Unani scholars for air purification have broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, indicating that these herbs could be a potential candidate for air disinfectant. Therefore, authors recommend the further researches on proposed herbs to validate their efficiency against airborne pathogens in the vapour phase.
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank the library staff of NIUM for their kind cooperation in conducting the literature review.
-
Research funding: None declared.
-
Author contributions: Malik Itrat conceived the idea for the review. Shaista Mahfooz reviewed the published literature, and Malik Itrat did the Internet searches. Malik Itrat and Shaista Mahfooz wrote the review with contributions from Hamiduddin and Tariq Nadeem Khan.
All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.
-
Competing interests: Authors state no conflict of interest.
-
Informed consent: Not applicable.
-
Ethical approval: Not applicable.
References
1. Martin, WJ2nd, Glass, RI, Balbus, JM, Collins, FS. A major environmental cause of death. Science 2011;334:180–81. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1213088.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
2. Gall, ET, Carter, EM, Earnest, CM, Stephens, B. Indoor air pollution in developing countries: research and implementation needs for improvements in global public health. Am J Publ Health 2013;103:e67–72. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300955.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
3. WHO. Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality: Selected Pollutants. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2010. Introduction. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK138700/.Search in Google Scholar
4. Cincinelli, A, Martellini, T. Indoor air quality and health. Int J Environ Res Publ Health 2017;14:1286. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14111286.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
5. Kim, KH, Kabir, E, Jahan, SA. Airborne bioaerosols and their impact on human health. J Environ Sci 2018;67:23–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2017.08.027.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
6. Stetzenbach, LD. Airborne infectious microorganisms. In: Moselio Schaechter. Encyclopedia of Microbiology, 3rd ed. Amsterdam: Academic Press; 2009:175–82 pp. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012373944-5.00177-2.Search in Google Scholar
7. Whiley, H, Gaskin, S, Schroder, T, Ross, K. Antifungal properties of essential oils for improvement of indoor air quality: a review. Rev Environ Health 2018;33:63–76. https://doi.org/10.1515/reveh-2017-0023.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
8. Bolashikov, ZD, Melikov, AK. Methods for air cleaning and protection of building occupants from airborne pathogens. Build Environ 2009;44:1378–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2008.09.001.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
9. Puck, TT. The mechanism of aerial disinfection by glycols and other chemical agents: I. Demonstration that the germicidal action occurs through the agency of the vapor phase. J Exp Med 1947;85:729–39. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.85.6.729.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
10. Sina, I. Al-Qānūn Fi’l Tibb, vol. 1 & V. New Delhi: Idāra Kitābush Shifā; 2010:102–10 pp.Search in Google Scholar
11. Jurjānī, I. Dhakhīra Khawārizm Shāhī, vol. 3. New Delhi: Idāra Kitābush Shifā; 2010:916–20 pp.Search in Google Scholar
12. Baghdādī, HI. Kitāb al-Mukhtārāt Fi’l Ṭibb. Part-4. New Delhi: Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine; 2007:237–38 pp.Search in Google Scholar
13. Rāzī, Z. Kitāb al-Mansoori. New Delhi: Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine; 1991:175–79 pp.Search in Google Scholar
14. Rāzī, Z. Kitāb al-Murshid. New Delhi: Taraqqī Urdu Beoro; 2000:34–7 pp.Search in Google Scholar
15. Rāzī, Z. Kitāb al-Hawi, vol 15. New Delhi: Central council for Research in Unani Medicine; 2008:151–55 pp.Search in Google Scholar
16. Majūsī, IA. Kāmil al-Ṣanā’a al-Ṭibbiyya. New Delhi: Idāra Kitābush Shifā’; 2010:205–28 pp.Search in Google Scholar
17. Qamri, MH. Minhaj-ul-ilaj (Ghinā Munā). New Delhi: Central council for Research in Unani Medicine; 2008:585–89 pp.Search in Google Scholar
18. Zuhr, I. Kitāb al-Aghdhiya. New Delhi: Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine; 2009:145–48 pp.Search in Google Scholar
19. Rushd, I. Kitab-al-Kulliyat. Lahore: Maktaba Daniyal; 2017:368–70 pp.Search in Google Scholar
20. Khan, MA. Akseer-e-Azam. New Delhi: Idāra Kitābush Shifā; 2011:916–20 pp.Search in Google Scholar
21. Ahmed, F, Nizami, Q, Aslam, M. Classification of Unani drugs. Delhi: Self Published; 2005:267–77 pp.Search in Google Scholar
22. Khare, CP. Indian Medicinal Plants. Delhi: Springer; 2007:16 p.10.1007/978-0-387-70638-2Search in Google Scholar
23. Khan, MA. Muhit-i-Azam, vol 1–4. New Delhi: Central council for Research in Unani Medicine; 2013:15–16 pp.Search in Google Scholar
24. Ghani, NH. Khazayenul Advia. New Delhi: Idāra Kitābush Shifā; YNM:113 p.Search in Google Scholar
25. Hakeem, MA. Bustaanul Mufradat. New Delhi: Idāra Kitābush Shifā; 2002:51 p.Search in Google Scholar
26. Rita, SW, Swantara, IM, Utami, GP. Antimicrobial activity of Acorus calamus L. rhizome extract and its total flavonoid and phenolic contents. AIP Conf Proc 2019;2155:020054. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5125558.Search in Google Scholar
27. Devi, A, Ganjewala, D. Antimicrobial activity of Acorus calamus (L.) rhizome and leaf extract. Acta Biol Szeged 2009;53:45–9.Search in Google Scholar
28. Rani, AS, Satyakala, M, Devi, VS, Murty, US. Evaluation of antibacterial activity from rhizome extract of Acorus calamus Linn. J Sci Ind Res 2003;62:623–5.Search in Google Scholar
29. Phongpaichit, S, Pujenjob, N, Rukachaisirikul, V, Ongsakul, M. Antimicrobial activities of the crude methanol extract of Acorus calamus Linn. J Sci Technol 2005;27(2 Suppl):517–23.Search in Google Scholar
30. Bisht, LS, Brindavanam, NB, Kimothic, P. Comparative study of herbal agents used for fumigation in relations to formalin. Ancient Sci Life 1988;8:125–32.Search in Google Scholar
31. Dash, M, Patra, JK, Panda, PP. Phytochemical and antimicrobial screening of extracts of Aquilaria agallocha Roxb. Afr J Biotechnol 2008;7:3531–4.Search in Google Scholar
32. Ghosh, TK, Rahman, H, Bardalai, D, Ali, F. In-vitro antibacterial study of Aquilaria agallocha heart wood oil and Citrullus lantus seed oil. Scholars J Appl Med Sci 2013;1:13–5.Search in Google Scholar
33. Canli, K, Yetgin, A, Akata, I, Altuner, EM. In-vitro antimicrobial screening of Aquilaria agallocha roots. Afr J Tradit, Complementary Altern Med 2016;13:178–81. https://doi.org/10.21010/ajtcam.v13i4.7.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
34. Patel, N, Patel, CK. Antibacterial activity of Boswellia serrata Roxb. ex Colebr. Ethnomedicinal plant against gram positive UTI pathogens. AYUDH 2015;16:129–37.Search in Google Scholar
35. Ayub, MA, Hanif, MA, Sarfraz, RA, Shahid, M. Biological activity of Boswellia serrata Roxb. oleo gum resin essential oil: effects of extraction by supercritical carbon dioxide and traditional methods. Int J Food Prop 2018;21:808–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/10942912.2018.1439957.Search in Google Scholar
36. Rajendra, CE, Kumar, DH, Yeshoda, SV, Nadaf, MA, Hanumanthraju, N. Comparative evaluation of antimicrobial activity of methanolic extract of Curcuma longa along with Boswellia serrata. Int J Res Pharm Chem 2013;3:534–6.Search in Google Scholar
37. Chaurasia, A, Gharia, A. Antifungal activity of medicinal plant Boswellia Serrata. J Ultra Chem 2017;13:88–90. https://doi.org/10.22147/juc/130403.Search in Google Scholar
38. Venkatesh, HN, Sudharshana, TN, Abhishek, RU, Thippeswamy, S, Manjunath, K, Mohana, DC. Antifungal and antimycotoxigenic properties of chemically characterized essential oil of Boswellia serrata Roxb. ex Colebr. Int J Food Prop 2017;20(Suppl 2):1856–68. https://doi.org/10.1080/10942912.2017.1354882.Search in Google Scholar
39. Satyal, P, Paudel, P, Poudel, A, Dosoky, NS, Pokharel, KK, Setzer, WN. Bioactivities and compositional analyses of Cinnamomum essential oils from Nepal: C. camphora, C. tamala, and C. glaucescens. Nat Prod Commun 2013;8:1777–84. https://doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1300801232.Search in Google Scholar
40. Wang, W, Li, D, Huang, X, Yang, H, Qiu, Z, Zou, L, et al.. Study on antibacterial and Quorum-sensing inhibition activities of Cinnamomum camphora leaf essential oil. Molecules 2019;24:3792. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24203792.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
41. Wu, K, Lin, Y, Chai, X, Duan, X, Zhao, X, Chun, C. Mechanisms of vapor-phase antibacterial action of essential oil from Cinnamomum camphora var. linaloofera Fujita against Escherichia coli. Food Sci Nutr 2019;7:2546–55. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.1104.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
42. Wang, L, Zhang, K, Zhang, K, Zhang, J, Fu, J, Li, J, et al.. Antibacterial activity of Cinnamomum camphora essential oil on Escherichia coli during planktonic growth and biofilm formation. Front Microbiol 2020;11:2858. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.561002.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
43. De Rapper, S, Van Vuuren, S, Kamatou, G, Viljoen, A, Dagne, E. The additive and synergistic antimicrobial effects of select frankincense and myrrh oils-a combination from the pharaonic pharmacopoeia. Lett Appl Microbiol 2012;54:352–58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-765x.2012.03216.x.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
44. Shuaib, M, Ali, A, Ali, M, Panda, BP, Ahmad, MI. Antibacterial activity of resin rich plant extracts. J Pharm Bioall Sci 2013;5:265–69. https://doi.org/10.4103/0975-7406.120073.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
45. Anand, S, Rajan, M, Venkateshbabu, N, Kandaswamy, D, Shravya, Y, Rajeswari, K. Evaluation of the antibacterial efficacy of Azadirachta Indica, Commiphora myrrha, Glycyrrhiza Glabra against Enterococcus faecalis using real time PCR. Open Dent J 2016;10(Suppl 1, M2):160–65. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874210601610010160.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
46. LjaljevićGrbić, M, Unković, N, Dimkić, I, Janaćković, P, Gavrilović, M, Stanojević, O, et al.. Frankincense and myrrh essential oils and burn incense fume against micro-inhabitants of sacral ambients. Wisdom of the ancients? J Ethnopharmacol 2018;219:1–14.10.1016/j.jep.2018.03.003Search in Google Scholar PubMed
47. Muzaffar, S, Rather, SA, Khan, KZ, Yildiz, F. In vitro bactericidal and fungicidal activities of various extracts of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) stigmas from Jammu & Kashmir, India. Cogent Food Agric 2016;2. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2016.1158999.Search in Google Scholar
48. Jomehpour, N, Ghazvini, K, Jomehpour, M. Antibacterial activity of aqueous and methanolic extracts of Crocus sativus stigma and Cinnamomum cassia against clinical isolates of some gram-positive and gram-negative pathogenic bacteria. Med Lab J 2019;13:31–4. https://doi.org/10.29252/mlj.13.3.31.Search in Google Scholar
49. Shaida, B, Singh, NB, Singh, K. In-vitro evaluation of anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial properties of ethanolic extract of Cydonia oblonga seeds. J Sci Ind Res 2019;79:49–52.Search in Google Scholar
50. Stojkovic, D, Jevremovic, K, Smiljkovic´, M, Zivkovic´, J, Sokovic´, M. Inhibition of microbial biofilm formation by Cydonia oblonga Mill. fruit peel and leaf ethanolic extracts. Lekovite Sirovine 2018;38:58–61.10.5937/leksir1838058SSearch in Google Scholar
51. Balpande, SM, Cherian, KJ. Antibacterial activity of plant extracts of Cyperus rotundus and Vetiveria zizanoides on the air borne micro-organisms of some houses in Nagpur City. Int J Environ Rehabil Conserv 2011;2:85–90.Search in Google Scholar
52. Aeganathan, R, Rayar, A, Ilayaraja, S, Prabakaran, K, Manivannan, R. Anti-oxidant, anti-microbial evaluation and GC-MS analysis of Cyperus rotundus L. Rhizomes chloroform fraction. Am J Ethnomed 2015;2:14–20.Search in Google Scholar
53. Singh, V, Ali, M, Negi, A, Sultana, S. Analysis and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Cyperus rotundus L. rhizomes. J Med Plants Stud 2018;6:101–5.Search in Google Scholar
54. Sharma, SK, Singh, AP. Antimicrobial investigations on rhizomes of Cyperus rotundus Linn. Der Pharm Lett 2011;3:427–31.Search in Google Scholar
55. Daneshkazemi, A, Zandi, H, Davari, A, Vakili, M, Emtiazi, M, Lotfi, R, et al.. Antimicrobial activity of the essential oil obtained from the seed and oleo-gum-resin of Ferula assafoetida against oral pathogens. Front Dent 2019;16:113–20. https://doi.org/10.18502/fid.v16i2.1362.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
56. Shrivastava, V, Bhardwaj, U, Sharma, V, Mahajan, N, Sharma, V, Shrivastava, G. Antimicrobial activities of asafoetida resin extracts (a potential Indian spice). J Pharm Res 2012;5:5022–4.Search in Google Scholar
57. Patil, SD, Shinde, S, Kandpile, P, Jain, AS. Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of asafoetida. Int J Pharmaceut Sci Res 2015;6:722–27.Search in Google Scholar
58. Bhatnager, R, Rani, R, Dang, AS. Antibacterial activity of Ferula asafoetida: a comparison of red and white type. J Appl Biol Biotechnol 2015;3:18–21. https://doi.org/10.7324/jabb.2015.3204.Search in Google Scholar
59. Cavaleiro, C, Pinto, E, Gonçalves, M, Salgueiro, L. Antifungal activity of Juniperus essential oils against dermatophyte, Aspergillus and Candida strains. J Appl Microbiol 2006;100:1333–38. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.02862.x.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
60. Kumar, P, Prasad, R, Chandra, H, Bhatt, RP, Sati, OP. In-vitro antibacterial activity of Juniperus communis L. against bacterial pathogens. Environ Conserv J 2009;10:101–4.Search in Google Scholar
61. Menghani, E, Sharma, SK. Antimicrobial activity of Juniperus communis and Solanum xanthocarpum. Int J Pharmaceut Sci Res 2012;3:2815–18.Search in Google Scholar
62. Pepeljnjak, S, Kosalec, I, Kalodera, Z, Blazevic, N. Antimicrobial activity of juniper berry essential oil (Juniperus communis L., Cupressaceae). Acta Pharm 2005;55:417–22.Search in Google Scholar
63. Sagdıç, O, Özkan, G, Özcan, M, Özçelik, S. A study on inhibitory effects of Sigla tree (Liquidambar orientalis Mill. var. orientalis) storax against several bacteria. Phytother Res 2005;19:549–51.10.1002/ptr.1654Search in Google Scholar PubMed
64. Oskay, M, Sari, D. Antimicrobial screening of some Turkish medicinal plants. Pharmaceut Biol 2007;45:176–81. https://doi.org/10.1080/13880200701213047.Search in Google Scholar
65. Okmen, G, Turkcan, O, Ceylan, O, Gork, G. The antimicrobial activity of Liquidambar orientalis mill. against food pathogens and antioxidant capacity of leaf extracts. Afr J Tradit, Complementary Altern Med 2014;11:28–32. https://doi.org/10.4314/ajtcam.v11i5.4.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
66. Taheri, A, Seyfan, A, Jalalinezhad, S, Nasery, F. Antibacterial effect of Myrtus communis hydro-alcoholic extract on pathogenic bacteria. Zahedan J Res Med Sci 2013;15:19–24.Search in Google Scholar
67. Al-Saimary, IE, Bakr, SS, Jaffar, T, Al-Saimary, AE, Salim, H, Al-Muosawi, R. Effects of some plant extracts and antibiotics on Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from various burn cases. Saudi Med J 2002;23:802–5.Search in Google Scholar
68. Nabavizadeh, M, Abbaszadegan, A, Gholami, A, Sheikhiani, R, Shokouhi, M, Shams, MS, et al.. Chemical constituent and antimicrobial effect of essential oil from Myrtus communis leaves on microorganisms involved in persistent endodontic infection compared to two common endodontic irrigants: an in vitro study. J Conserv Dent 2014;17:449–53. https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-0707.139836.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
69. Cannas, S, Molicotti, P, Usai, D, Maxia, A, Zanetti, S. Antifungal, anti-biofilm and adhesion activity of the essential oil of Myrtus communis L. against Candida species. Nat Prod Res 2014;28:2173–7. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2014.925892.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
70. Mir, MA, Bashir, N, Alfaify, A, Oteef, MD. GC-MS analysis of Myrtus communis extract and its antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria. BMC Complement Med Ther 2020;20:86. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-020-2863-3.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
71. Djenane, D, Yangüela, Y, Montañés, L, Djerbal, M, Roncalés, P. Antimicrobial activity of Pistacia lentiscus and Satureja montana essential oils against Listeria monocytogenes CECT 935 using laboratory media: efficacy and synergistic potential in minced beef. Food Contr 2011;22:1046–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2010.12.015.Search in Google Scholar
72. Mharti, FZ, Lyoussi, B, Abdellaoui, A. Antibacterial activity of the essential oils of Pistacia lentiscus used in Moroccan Folkloric Medicine. Nat Prod Commun 2011;6:1505–06. https://doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1100601024.Search in Google Scholar
73. Ulusoy, S, Boşgelmez-Tinaz, G, Seçilmiş-Canbay, H. Tocopherol, carotene, phenolic contents and antibacterial properties of rose essential oil, hydrosol and absolute. Curr Microbiol 2009;59:554–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-009-9475-y.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
74. Kumar, MG, Jeyraaj, IA, Jeyaraaj, R, Loganathan, P. Antimicrobial activity of aqueous extract of leaf and stem extract of Santalum album. Ancient Sci Life 2006;25:6–9.Search in Google Scholar
75. Vadnere, GP, Usman, MR, Lodhi, S, Patil, V. Phytochemical investigation and in vitro antimicrobial screening of Santalum album seeds extracts. Int J Pharm Pharmaceut Sci 2017;9:117–24. https://doi.org/10.22159/ijpps.2017v9i11.21216.Search in Google Scholar
76. Paulpandi, M, Kannan, S, Thangam, R, Kaveri, K, Gunasekaran, P, Rejeeth, C. In vitro anti-viral effect of β-santalol against influenza viral replication. Phytomedicine 2012;19:231–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2011.11.006.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
77. Rao, KS, Babu, GV, Ramnareddy, YV. Acylated flavone glycosides from the roots of Saussurea lappa and their antifungal activity. Molecules 2007;12:328–44. https://doi.org/10.3390/12030328.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
78. Qiu, J, Wang, J, Luo, H, Du, X, Li, H, Luo, M, et al.. The effects of sub inhibitory concentrations of costus oil on virulence factor production in Staphylococcus aureus. J Appl Microbiol 2011;110:333–40. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2010.04888.x.Search in Google Scholar
79. Mohamed, AK, Aldaw, M, Ismail, E, Algasim, AA, Karar, E. Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of different solvent extracts of Saussurea lappa. World J Pharm Pharmaceut Sci 2017;6:12–18. https://doi.org/10.20959/wjpps20179-9868.Search in Google Scholar
80. Chen, HC, Chou, CK, Lee, SD, Wang, JC, Yeh, SF. Active compounds from Saussurea lappa clarks that suppress hepatitis B virus surface antigen gene expression in human hepatoma cells. Antivir Res 1995;27:99–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/0166-3542(94)00083-k.Search in Google Scholar
81. Gayatri, A, Rohaeti, E, Batubara, I. Gum benzoin (Styrax benzoin) as antibacterial against Staphylococcus aureus. Al-Kimia 2019;7:208–17. https://doi.org/10.24252/al-kimia.v7i2.10581.Search in Google Scholar
82. Bhatwalkar, SB, Shukla, P, Srivastava, RK, Mondal, R, Anupam, R. Validation of environmental disinfection efficiency of traditional Ayurvedic fumigation practices. J Ayurveda Integr Med 2019;10:203–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaim.2019.05.002.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
83. Mostaqim, S, Saha, SK, Hani, U, Paul, SK, Sharmin, M, Basak, S, et al.. Antibacterial activities of Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) extracts against three food borne pathogens: Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Mymensingh Med J 2019;28:779–91.Search in Google Scholar
84. Faujdar, SS, Bisht, D, Sharma, A. Antibacterial activity of Syzygium aromaticum (clove) against uropathogens producing ESBL, MBL, and AmpC beta-lactamase: are we close to getting a new antibacterial agent? J Fam Med Prim Care 2020;9:180–6. https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_908_19.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
85. Radünz, M, da Trindade, MLM, Camargo, TM, Radünz, AL, Borges, CD, Gandra, EA, et al.. Antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of unencapsulated and encapsulated clove (Syzygium aromaticum L.) essential oil. Food Chem 2019;276:180–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.09.173.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
86. Khan, S, Farman, U, Mahmood, T. In vitro antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity of Tamarixa dioica Roxb. Leaves. Turk J Biol 2013;37:329–35. https://doi.org/10.3906/biy-1204-18.Search in Google Scholar
Supplementary Material
The online version of this article offers supplementary material (https://doi.org/10.1515/reveh-2021-0087).
© 2021 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
