Abstract
Solid-liquid circulating fluidized beds (SLCFBs) offer several attractive features over conventional solid-liquid fluidized beds such as efficient liquid-solid contact, favorable mass and heat transfer, reduced back-mixing of phases, and integrated reactor and regenerator design. These unique features have stimulated theoretical and experimental investigations over the past two decades on transport phenomena in SLCFBs. However, there is a need to compile and analyze the published information with a coherent theme to design and develop SLCFB with sufficient degree of confidence for commercial application. Therefore, the present work reviews and analyzes the literature on hydrodynamic, mixing, heat transfer, and mass transfer characteristics of SLCFBs comprehensively. Suitable recommendations have also been made for future work in concise manner based on the knowledge gaps identified in the literature. Furthermore, a novel multistage SLCFB has been proposed to overcome the limitations of existing SLCFBs. The proposed model of SLCFB primarily consists of a single multistage column which is divided into two sections wherein both the steps of utilization viz. loading (adsorption, catalytic reaction, etc.) and regeneration of solid phase could be carried out simultaneously on a continuous mode.
About the authors
Manjusha A. Thombare is currently working as a junior research fellow at the Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Pune, India. She has received a Master’s degree in Chemical Engineering from Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India. She previously worked on the green process development of reaction synthesis of drug intermediate and is currently working on the hydrodynamic and mixing studies of novel solid-liquid circulating fluidized bed in association with the Department of Science and Technology, Government of India.
Prakash V. Chavan is presently working as a professor and head of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Pune, India. Prof. Chavan has earned his Master’s and PhD degrees in Chemical Engineering from the Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai India. His research work mainly focuses on design and development of multiphase reactors and bioprocess development of value-added products. He has successfully designed and developed a novel solid-liquid circulating fluidized bed in association with the Department of Science and Technology, Government of India. Being commercialized in India, his work on design and development of energy-efficient cooking systems is worth mentioning.
Sandip B. Bankar is currently working as a professor of Bioprocess Engineering at the Department of Biotechnology and Chemical Technology, Aalto University School of Chemical Technology, Espoo, Finland. Prof. Bankar has received his Master’s and PhD degrees in Bioprocess Technology from the Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India. He received the prestigious DST-INSPIRE faculty award from Government of India. He continued to work at the College of Engineering, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Pune, India, since 2014. He has been working in the area of bioprocess development of value-added biomolecules ranging from enzymes to antibiotics and industrial biopolymers. His work on bioprocess development of bio-butanol for commercial interest is noteworthy and has attracted attention from both industry and academia.
Dinesh V. Kalaga has obtained PhD degree in Chemical Engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology. He is currently working as a post-doctoral research associate in the Chemical Engineering Department, City College of New York. His research work focuses on the design and scale-up of multiphase reactors like solid-liquid circulating fluidized beds and bubble columns. As a part of his PhD research work he designed and developed novel solid-liquid circulating fluidized bed for continuous adsorption and desorption process. He is experienced in experimental and computational modeling of multiphase flows aiming at a better understanding of the design of circulating fluidized bed.
Nomenclature
- AR
cross-sectional area of the riser column (m2)
- Avd
dynamic specific surface area of porous medium (m−1)
cross-sectional average drag coefficient (–)
- CD
drag coefficient (–)
- CD∞
drag coefficient defined when solid particle is settling at terminal velocity (–)
- CDx
drag coefficient defined by Eq. (14) (–)
- D
column diameter (m)
- DL
liquid dispersion coefficient (m2 s−1)
- dp
diameter of solid particle (m)
dimensionless solid particle diameter defined by Eq. (2) (–)
- Dr
radial liquid dispersion coefficient (m2 s−1)
- ES
energy dissipation rate defined by Kikuchi et al. (1988) (m2 s−3)
- f′
modified friction factor defined by Evans and Gerald (1953) (–)
- Fd
drag force acting on a single solid particle (N)
- Fr
Froude number (–)
- g
gravitational acceleration (m s−2)
- Ga
Galileo number (–)
- GS
flux of solid-liquid mixture (kg m−2 s−1)
- h
overall heat transfer coefficient (W m−2 K−1)
- hb
heat transfer coefficient in bed proper (W m−2 K−1)
- hh
heat transfer coefficient in the region adjacent to the heater surface (W m−2 K−1)
- hp
thickness of layer of particles (m)
- HR
height of solid-liquid mixture (m)
- HSL
height of clear liquid in solid-liquid separator (m)
- HSR
length of solid return pipe (m)
- HSS
height of clear liquid in solid storage vessel (m)
- jD
mass transfer factor (–)
- jD′
modified mass transfer factor defined by Eq. (38) (–)
- jH
heat transfer factor based on overall HTC defined by Eq. (42) (–)
- jH,h
heat transfer factor in heater surface region, defined by Eq. (41) (–)
- kSL
solid-liquid mass transfer coefficient (m s−1)
- m
arbitrary constant defined by Koloini et al. (1977) (–)
- mS
mass flow rate of solid particles (kg s−1)
- Mv
density number (–)
- n
Richardson-Zaki parameter (–)
- Nu
Nusselt number (–)
- Pe
Peclet number (–)
- Pea
axial Peclet number (–)
- Per
radial Peclet number (–)
- Pr
Prandtl number (–)
- ΔP/L
pressure gradient (N m−3)
- ΔPR
pressure drop across riser (Pa)
- ΔPSL
pressure drop across solid-liquid separator (Pa)
- ΔPSR
pressure drop across solid return pipe (Pa)
- ΔPSS
pressure drop across solid storage vessel (Pa)
- ΔPv
pressure drop across valve (Pa)
- r
any radial distance (m)
- R
radius of the riser column (m)
- Re″
modified Reynolds number defined by Upadhyay and Tripathi (1975) (–)
- Re′
Reynolds number based on interstitial liquid velocity (–)
- Re
Reynolds number based on superficial liquid velocity (–)
- Re∞
Reynolds number based on terminal settling velocity (–)
- Remf
Reynolds number based on minimum fluidization velocity (–)
- Rep
Reynolds number defined by Seguin et al. (1996) (–)
- ReS
Reynolds number based on slip velocity (–)
- Rf
resistance force per unit projected area (N m−2)
- Sc
Schmidt number (–)
- Sh
Sherwood number (–)
- VL
superficial liquid velocity (m s−1)
dimensionless superficial liquid velocity defined by Eq. (1) (–)
- VLa
auxiliary superficial liquid velocity (m s−1)
- VLc
transition velocity (conventional fluidization to circulating fluidization regime) (m s−1)
- VLt
transition velocity (circulating fluidization to transport regime) (m s−1)
- VLx
superficial liquid velocity defined by Eq. (14) (m s−1)
- Vmf
minimum superficial liquid fluidization velocity (m s−1)
- VR
slip velocity (m s−1)
- VS
superficial solid velocity (m s−1)
- VS∞
terminal settling velocity of particle (m s−1)
- We
Weber number (–)
- Greek letters
- ρC
suspension density (kg m−3)
- ρL
liquid density (kg m−3)
- ρS
solid density (kg m−3)
- ν
kinematic viscosity of liquid (m2 s−1)
- Δρ
density difference between solid phase and liquid phase (kg m−3)
- ρx
liquid or suspension density defined by Eq. (14) (kg m−3)
- τ
bed tortuosity (–)
- ψ
shape factor (–)
- μL
viscosity of liquid (kg m−1 s−1)
- εL
voidage of the bed (–)
average voidage of the bed (–)
- σL
liquid surface tension (N m−1)
- Subscripts
- EHR
heat transfer enhanced region
- LSP
liquid single-phase heat transfer region
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge financial support from the Department of Science and Technology (DST), New Delhi, India. (DST no.: SB/S3/CE/025/2014/SERB).
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