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The Birth and Rise of Mobile Pastoralism in West Central Zagros: From Tepe Tûlâî (6200-5900 BCE) to Tuwah Khoshkeh (4900-4000 BCE)

Yıl 2017, Sayı: 34, 49 - 81, 30.12.2017

İzzet Çıvgın

https://doi.org/10.1501/antro_0000000347

Öz

The Fertile Crescent is the earliest centre of food production in the world. Zagros region played a major role in the process of domestication. Early settlements were few and often widely separated. The earliest food producers who lived in the valleys and foothills of the Zagros mountain range were agro-pastoralists. But the warm and humid Early Holocene was interrupted at 6300-6200 cal. BCE. by a drastic reduction in precipitation. Some archaeologists put forward the idea that deterioration in the local environment stimulated the increased reliance on ovicaprid herding, the intensification in using their secondary products and the development of mobile pastoralism at the end of the 7th millennium. The existence of pastoral mobility as early as 6200 BCE has been suggested by the remains at Tepe Tûlâî, a seasonal campsite on the Susiana Plain. The goat herders of Tepe Tûlâî were probably not yet really nomadic. It seems that they have temporarily left the village environment (in the Susiana and/or Deh Luran plains) and led their flocks through vast open areas to graze. It is suggested that Tûlâî was frequented by mobile groups from a (or two different) lowland region(s). Tuwah Khoshkeh (1500 years younger than Tûlâî) is another mobile pastoralist campsite in the Islamabad Plain. These two examples show that the shift from sedentary crop-livestock farming to mobile pastoralism was an adaptive response to environmental pressure

Anahtar Kelimeler

Neolithic of Western Iran Mobile Pastoralism Transhumance

Kaynakça

  • Abdi, K. (2012). “The Iranian Plateau from Paleolithic Times to the Rise of the Achaemenid Empire”, The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History, T. Daryaee (Ed.), Oxford: Oxford University Press, 13-36.
  • Abdi, K. (2003). “The Early Development of Pastoralism in the Central Zagros Mountains”, Journal of World Prehistory 17(4), 395-448.
  • Abdi, K., Nokandeh, G., Azadi, A., Biglari, F., Heydari, S., Farmani, D., Rezaii, A. ve Mashkour, M. (2002). “Tuwah Khoshkeh: A Middle Chalcolithic Mobile Pastoralist Camp-Site in the Islamabad Plain, West Central Zagros Mountains, Iran”, Journal of the British Institute of Persian Studies, 40, 43-74.
  • Alizadeh, A., Kouchoukos, N., Wilkinson, T. J., Bauer, A. M. ve Mashkour, M. (2004) “Human-Environment Interactions on the Upper Khuzestan Plains, Southwest Iran. Recent Investigations”, Paléorient, 30(1), 69-88.
  • Arbuckle, B. S. (2014). “Pace and process in the emergence of animal husbandry in Neolithic Southwest Asia”, Bioarchaeology of the Near East, 8, 53-81.
  • Bernbeck, R. (1992). “Migratory Patterns in Early Nomadism: A Reconsideration of Tepe Tula’i”, Paléorient, 18(1), 77-88.
  • Cribb, R. (1993). Nomads in archaeology, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Çıvgın, İ. (2016). “Batı İran’da Tarım ve Hayvancılığın Başlangıcı: İklim, Doğal Kaynaklar ve Kültürel Temas (MÖ. 10000 – 7000)”, Ordu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(3), 767-792.
  • Çıvgın, İ. (2017). “Karmaşıklık Yönünde İlk Adımlar: Kuraklığın Geçim Ekonomisine Etkisi (MÖ. 7. Binyıl)”, Aktüel Arkeoloji, 58, 36-51.
  • Düring, B. S. (2016). “The 8.2 Event and the Neolithic Expansion in Western Anatolia”, Climate and Cultural Change in Prehistoric Europe and the Near East, Peter F. Biehl ve O. P. Nieuwenhuyse (Ed.), Albany: State University of New York Press, 135-150.
  • Fernandez, H., Taberlet, P., Mashkour, M., Vigne, J.-D. ve Luikart, G. (2004). “Assessing the origin and diffusion of domestic goats using ancient DNA”, The First Steps of Animal Domestication: New archaeological approaches, J. D. Vigne vd. (Ed.), Oxford: Oxbow Books, 50-54.
  • Flohr, P., Fleitmann, D., Matthews, R., Matthews, W. ve Black, S. (2016). “Evidence of resilience to past climate change in Southwest Asia: Early farming communities and the 9.2 and 8.2 ka events”, Quaternary Science Reviews, 136, 23-39.
  • Forouzan, F. (2010). Small Finds from Chogha Gavaneh Site in the Islamabad Plain, Central Zagros Mountains, Iran, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Atlanta: Georgia State University – Anthropology Department.
  • Forouzan, F., Glover, J. B., Williams, F. ve Deocampo, D. (2012). “Portable XRF analysis of zoomorphic figurines, ‘tokens’, and sling bullets from Chogha Gavaneh, Iran”, Journal of Archaeological Science, 39, 3534-3541.
  • Heshmati, G. A. (2007). “Vegetation characteristics of four ecological zones of Iran”, International Journal of Plant Production 1(2), 115-224.
  • Hole, F. (2009). “Pastoral Mobility as an Adaptation”, Nomads, Tribes, and State in the Ancient Near East, J. Szuchman (Ed.), Chicago: The Oriental Institute, 161-283.
  • Hole, F. (2004a). “Campsites of the Seasonally Mobile in Western Iran”. From Handaxe to Khan: Essays Presented to Peder Mortensen on the Occasion of his 70th Birthday, K. Von Folsach, H. Thrane, I. Thuesen ve P. Mortensen (Ed.), Aarhus: Aarhus University Press, 67-85. Hole, F. (2004b). “Neolithic Age in Iran”,
  • Encyclopædia Iranica, http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/neolithic-age-in-iran (Erişim: 15.5.2016)
  • Hole, F. (1974). “Tepe Tûlâ’î: An Early Campsite in Khuzistan, Iran”, Paléorient, 2(2), 219-242.
  • Jasim, S. A. (1981). “Excavation at Tell Abada, Iraq”, Paléorient, 7(2), 101-104.
  • Kuijt, I. (2000). “People and Space in Early Agricultural Villages: Exploring Daily Lives, Community Size, and Architecture in the Late Pre-Pottery Neolithic”, Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 19, 75-102.
  • Liverani, M. (2014). The Ancient Near East: History, Society and Economy, Translated by S. Tabatabai, Oxon: Routledge.
  • Mashkour, M. ve Abdi, K. (2002). “The question of nomadic campsites in archaeology: the case of Tuwah Khoshkeh”, Archaeozoology of the Near East V: Proceedings of the fifth international symposium on the archaeozoology of southwestern Asia and adjacent areas, H. Buitenhuis vd. (Ed.), Groningen: ARC-Publicaties, 211-227.
  • Mazdarani, F. H., Akbari, M. T., Fard, R. M. N., Hessari, M. ve Pour K. C. (2014). “Molecular Identification of Capra Hircus in East Chia Sabz, an Iranian Pre- pottery Neolithic Site, Central Zagros, based on MtDNA”, The Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences, 24(3), 945-950.
  • Özbal, R. (2010). “A Comparative Look at Halaf and Ubaid Social Complexity and the Tell Kurdu Case”, Tüba-Ar, 13, 39-59.
  • Peters, J., Von Den Driesch, A. ve Helmer, D. (2005). “The upper Euphrates-Tigris basin: cradle of agro-pastoralism?”, The First Steps of Animal Domestication: New archaeological approaches, J. D. Vigne vd. (Ed.), Oxford: Oxbow Books, 96-124.
  • Podany, A. H. ve McGee, M. (2005). The Ancient Near Eastern World, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Potts, D. T. (2014). Nomadism in Iran: From Antiquity to the Modern Era, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Rosen, S. A. (2011). “The Desert and the Pastoralist: An Archaeological Perspective on Human-Landscape Interaction in the Negev over Millennia”, Annals of Arid Zone, 50 (3-4), 1-15.
  • Simmons, A. H. (2010). The Neolithic Revolution in the Near East: Transforming the Human Landscape (Foreword by Ofer Bar-Yosef), Tucson: The University of Arizona Press.
  • Stevens, L. R., Ito, E., Schwalb, A. ve Wright Jr., H. E. (2006). “Timing of atmospheric precipitation in the Zagros Mountains inferred from a multi-proxy record from Lake Mirabad, Iran”, Quaternary Research, 66, 494-500.
  • Sutliff, D. J. (2015). “On nomadic transhumance at Neolithic Tepe Tula’i, Iran: A re-analysis of findings”, Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 3, 392- 397.
  • Ur, J. (2015). “Urban Adaptations to Climate Change in Northern Mesopotamia”, Climate and Ancient Societies, S. Kerner, R. J. Dann ve P. Bansgaard (Ed.), Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, 69-96.
  • Weninger, B., Clare, L., Gerritsen, F., Horejs, B., Krauß, R., Linstädter, J., Özbal, R. ve Rohling, E. J. (2014). “Neolithisation of the Aegean and Southeast Europe during the 6600–6000 calBC period of Rapid Climate Change”, Documenta Praehistorica, XLI, 1-31.
  • Wheeler Pires-Ferreira, J. (1975-1976-1977). “Tepe Tûlâ’î: Faunal Remains from an Early Campsite in Khuzistan, Iran”, Paléorient, 3, 275-280.
  • Young, R. ve Fazeli, H. (2008). “Interpreting Animal Bones in Iran: Considering New Animal Bone Assemblages from Three Sites in the Qazvin Plain within a Broader Geographical and Chronological Perspective”, Paléorient, 34(2), 153- 172.

Orta Zağros’ta Hareketli Çobanlığın Doğumu: Tepe Tûlâî’den (MÖ. 6200-5900) Tuwah Koşkeh’e (MÖ. 4900-4000)

Yıl 2017, Sayı: 34, 49 - 81, 30.12.2017

İzzet Çıvgın

https://doi.org/10.1501/antro_0000000347

Öz

Bereketli Hilal’de tarım ve hayvancılığın keşfi, MÖ. 9000-6000 arasında gerçekleşti. Bölgenin en doğudaki parçası Zağros, “Neolitikleşme” sürecine erken katıldı. Batı İran’da besin üretimi, Zağros dağ-arası vadilerinde ve yamaçlarında doğdu. Tarım ve hayvancılık, Güneybatı İran’ın geniş/bereketli ovalarına (Deh Luran ve Susiana) MÖ. 7500-7000 arasında ulaştı. Ovalardaki çobanlık ve çiftçilik, Ali Koş, Çağa Sefid, Çoğa Bonut gibi “köy”lerde gerçekleşiyordu. Peki MS. 20. yüzyıla kadar Zağros ekonomisinde özel bir yeri olan “göçebe çobanlık” ne zaman doğmuştu? Yakın Doğu’da göçebelik (uzun zaman iddia edildiği gibi) MÖ. 4. binyıl sonlarında mı ortaya çıkmıştı, yoksa daha mı eskiydi? Arkeologların 1973’te Güneybatı İran ovalarını Zağros’a bağlayan hat üzerinde bir çadır kampı olan Tepe Tûlâî’yi keşfetmeleri soruyu yanıtlamayı kolaylaştırmıştır. 40 yıldır yürütülen tartışma, adı geçen mekânın “göçebe çobanlara ait bir kamp” mı olduğu, yoksa ova köylerinden birine ya da birkaçına mensup “yerleşik” çobanların burayı yaylacılık amacıyla mı kullandıklarıdır. Makalenin ilk hedefi, Tepe Tûlâî bulgularını sergilemek ve 8000 yaşındaki bir kampın Neolitik geçim ekonomisinde ne tür bir rol üstlendiğini saptamaktır. İkinci hedef, Tûlâî’den 1500 yıl sonra (MÖ. 5. binyılda) yine hareketli çobanlara ev sahipliği yapan Tuwah Koşkeh kampına ait bulguları ortaya sererek Zağros’ta göçebe çobanlığın doğuşunun iklim değişiklikleri (kuraklıklar) ile bağlantısını araştırmaktır

Anahtar Kelimeler

Batı İran Neolitiği Hareketli Çobanlık Yaylacılık Göçebe Çobanlık Zağros

Kaynakça

  • Abdi, K. (2012). “The Iranian Plateau from Paleolithic Times to the Rise of the Achaemenid Empire”, The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History, T. Daryaee (Ed.), Oxford: Oxford University Press, 13-36.
  • Abdi, K. (2003). “The Early Development of Pastoralism in the Central Zagros Mountains”, Journal of World Prehistory 17(4), 395-448.
  • Abdi, K., Nokandeh, G., Azadi, A., Biglari, F., Heydari, S., Farmani, D., Rezaii, A. ve Mashkour, M. (2002). “Tuwah Khoshkeh: A Middle Chalcolithic Mobile Pastoralist Camp-Site in the Islamabad Plain, West Central Zagros Mountains, Iran”, Journal of the British Institute of Persian Studies, 40, 43-74.
  • Alizadeh, A., Kouchoukos, N., Wilkinson, T. J., Bauer, A. M. ve Mashkour, M. (2004) “Human-Environment Interactions on the Upper Khuzestan Plains, Southwest Iran. Recent Investigations”, Paléorient, 30(1), 69-88.
  • Arbuckle, B. S. (2014). “Pace and process in the emergence of animal husbandry in Neolithic Southwest Asia”, Bioarchaeology of the Near East, 8, 53-81.
  • Bernbeck, R. (1992). “Migratory Patterns in Early Nomadism: A Reconsideration of Tepe Tula’i”, Paléorient, 18(1), 77-88.
  • Cribb, R. (1993). Nomads in archaeology, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Çıvgın, İ. (2016). “Batı İran’da Tarım ve Hayvancılığın Başlangıcı: İklim, Doğal Kaynaklar ve Kültürel Temas (MÖ. 10000 – 7000)”, Ordu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(3), 767-792.
  • Çıvgın, İ. (2017). “Karmaşıklık Yönünde İlk Adımlar: Kuraklığın Geçim Ekonomisine Etkisi (MÖ. 7. Binyıl)”, Aktüel Arkeoloji, 58, 36-51.
  • Düring, B. S. (2016). “The 8.2 Event and the Neolithic Expansion in Western Anatolia”, Climate and Cultural Change in Prehistoric Europe and the Near East, Peter F. Biehl ve O. P. Nieuwenhuyse (Ed.), Albany: State University of New York Press, 135-150.
  • Fernandez, H., Taberlet, P., Mashkour, M., Vigne, J.-D. ve Luikart, G. (2004). “Assessing the origin and diffusion of domestic goats using ancient DNA”, The First Steps of Animal Domestication: New archaeological approaches, J. D. Vigne vd. (Ed.), Oxford: Oxbow Books, 50-54.
  • Flohr, P., Fleitmann, D., Matthews, R., Matthews, W. ve Black, S. (2016). “Evidence of resilience to past climate change in Southwest Asia: Early farming communities and the 9.2 and 8.2 ka events”, Quaternary Science Reviews, 136, 23-39.
  • Forouzan, F. (2010). Small Finds from Chogha Gavaneh Site in the Islamabad Plain, Central Zagros Mountains, Iran, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Atlanta: Georgia State University – Anthropology Department.
  • Forouzan, F., Glover, J. B., Williams, F. ve Deocampo, D. (2012). “Portable XRF analysis of zoomorphic figurines, ‘tokens’, and sling bullets from Chogha Gavaneh, Iran”, Journal of Archaeological Science, 39, 3534-3541.
  • Heshmati, G. A. (2007). “Vegetation characteristics of four ecological zones of Iran”, International Journal of Plant Production 1(2), 115-224.
  • Hole, F. (2009). “Pastoral Mobility as an Adaptation”, Nomads, Tribes, and State in the Ancient Near East, J. Szuchman (Ed.), Chicago: The Oriental Institute, 161-283.
  • Hole, F. (2004a). “Campsites of the Seasonally Mobile in Western Iran”. From Handaxe to Khan: Essays Presented to Peder Mortensen on the Occasion of his 70th Birthday, K. Von Folsach, H. Thrane, I. Thuesen ve P. Mortensen (Ed.), Aarhus: Aarhus University Press, 67-85. Hole, F. (2004b). “Neolithic Age in Iran”,
  • Encyclopædia Iranica, http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/neolithic-age-in-iran (Erişim: 15.5.2016)
  • Hole, F. (1974). “Tepe Tûlâ’î: An Early Campsite in Khuzistan, Iran”, Paléorient, 2(2), 219-242.
  • Jasim, S. A. (1981). “Excavation at Tell Abada, Iraq”, Paléorient, 7(2), 101-104.
  • Kuijt, I. (2000). “People and Space in Early Agricultural Villages: Exploring Daily Lives, Community Size, and Architecture in the Late Pre-Pottery Neolithic”, Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 19, 75-102.
  • Liverani, M. (2014). The Ancient Near East: History, Society and Economy, Translated by S. Tabatabai, Oxon: Routledge.
  • Mashkour, M. ve Abdi, K. (2002). “The question of nomadic campsites in archaeology: the case of Tuwah Khoshkeh”, Archaeozoology of the Near East V: Proceedings of the fifth international symposium on the archaeozoology of southwestern Asia and adjacent areas, H. Buitenhuis vd. (Ed.), Groningen: ARC-Publicaties, 211-227.
  • Mazdarani, F. H., Akbari, M. T., Fard, R. M. N., Hessari, M. ve Pour K. C. (2014). “Molecular Identification of Capra Hircus in East Chia Sabz, an Iranian Pre- pottery Neolithic Site, Central Zagros, based on MtDNA”, The Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences, 24(3), 945-950.
  • Özbal, R. (2010). “A Comparative Look at Halaf and Ubaid Social Complexity and the Tell Kurdu Case”, Tüba-Ar, 13, 39-59.
  • Peters, J., Von Den Driesch, A. ve Helmer, D. (2005). “The upper Euphrates-Tigris basin: cradle of agro-pastoralism?”, The First Steps of Animal Domestication: New archaeological approaches, J. D. Vigne vd. (Ed.), Oxford: Oxbow Books, 96-124.
  • Podany, A. H. ve McGee, M. (2005). The Ancient Near Eastern World, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Potts, D. T. (2014). Nomadism in Iran: From Antiquity to the Modern Era, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Rosen, S. A. (2011). “The Desert and the Pastoralist: An Archaeological Perspective on Human-Landscape Interaction in the Negev over Millennia”, Annals of Arid Zone, 50 (3-4), 1-15.
  • Simmons, A. H. (2010). The Neolithic Revolution in the Near East: Transforming the Human Landscape (Foreword by Ofer Bar-Yosef), Tucson: The University of Arizona Press.
  • Stevens, L. R., Ito, E., Schwalb, A. ve Wright Jr., H. E. (2006). “Timing of atmospheric precipitation in the Zagros Mountains inferred from a multi-proxy record from Lake Mirabad, Iran”, Quaternary Research, 66, 494-500.
  • Sutliff, D. J. (2015). “On nomadic transhumance at Neolithic Tepe Tula’i, Iran: A re-analysis of findings”, Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 3, 392- 397.
  • Ur, J. (2015). “Urban Adaptations to Climate Change in Northern Mesopotamia”, Climate and Ancient Societies, S. Kerner, R. J. Dann ve P. Bansgaard (Ed.), Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, 69-96.
  • Weninger, B., Clare, L., Gerritsen, F., Horejs, B., Krauß, R., Linstädter, J., Özbal, R. ve Rohling, E. J. (2014). “Neolithisation of the Aegean and Southeast Europe during the 6600–6000 calBC period of Rapid Climate Change”, Documenta Praehistorica, XLI, 1-31.
  • Wheeler Pires-Ferreira, J. (1975-1976-1977). “Tepe Tûlâ’î: Faunal Remains from an Early Campsite in Khuzistan, Iran”, Paléorient, 3, 275-280.
  • Young, R. ve Fazeli, H. (2008). “Interpreting Animal Bones in Iran: Considering New Animal Bone Assemblages from Three Sites in the Qazvin Plain within a Broader Geographical and Chronological Perspective”, Paléorient, 34(2), 153- 172.
Toplam 36 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Antropoloji
Diğer ID JA84EN43BG
Bölüm Değerlendirme (Derleme) Makaleleri
Yazarlar

İzzet Çıvgın

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Aralık 2017
Gönderilme Tarihi 17 Temmuz 2017
Kabul Tarihi 23 Kasım 2017
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2017 Sayı: 34

Kaynak Göster

APA Çıvgın, İ. (2017). Orta Zağros’ta Hareketli Çobanlığın Doğumu: Tepe Tûlâî’den (MÖ. 6200-5900) Tuwah Koşkeh’e (MÖ. 4900-4000). Antropoloji(34), 49-81. https://doi.org/10.1501/antro_0000000347
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