HIV in Canada-Surveillance Report, 2017.

Background
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a global public health issue with an estimated 1.8 million people newly infected in 2017.


Objective
To provide a descriptive overview of reported cases of HIV in Canada by geographic location, sex, age group, exposure category and race/ethnicity, from 1985-2017, with a focus on the most recent data.


Methods
The Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC) monitors HIV through the national HIV/AIDS Surveillance System, which is a passive, case-based system that collates non-nominal data voluntarily submitted and validated by all Canadian provinces and territories. Additional data sources presented here include data on immigration-related medical screening for HIV by Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada and data on infants perinatally-exposed to HIV submitted by the Canadian Perinatal HIV Surveillance Program. Data were collated, tables and figures were prepared and descriptive statistics were applied by PHAC and validated by each province and territory.


Results
A total of 2,402 new HIV diagnoses were reported in 2017 in Canada; an increase of 3% compared with 2016 and an increase of 17.1% since 2014. The national diagnosis rate increased slightly, from 6.4 per 100,000 population in 2016 to 6.5 per 100,000 population in 2017. In 2017, while Ontario continued to account for the highest number (n=935) and proportion (38.9%) of reported HIV cases, Saskatchewan reported the highest provincial diagnosis rate (15.5 per 100,000 population). In 2017, the diagnostic rate for males at 9.9 per 100,000 population was higher than for females at 3.2 per 100,000 population. As in 2016, the 30-39 year age group had the highest HIV diagnosis rate at 14.8 per 100,000 population. The "gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men" exposure category continued to represent almost half (46.4%) of all reported HIV cases in adults. In 2017, the absolute number of HIV-positive migrants entering Canada increased to a total number of 835 migrants. One mother-to-child HIV transmission was confirmed in a mother who did not receive any perinatal antiretroviral therapy and two transmissions were confirmed in mothers who did receive perinatal antiretroviral therapy.


Conclusion
Similar to the annual changes that have been reported since 2014, the number and rate of reported HIV cases in Canada in 2017 increased slightly compared with 2016. Additional data and analysis are needed to determine the extent to which these findings reflect an increase in HIV transmission, an increase in HIV testing, changes in reporting practices and an increase in the number of HIV-positive people migrating to Canada.


Introduction
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remains a global public health issue.In 2017, the estimated number of people living with HIV had grown to 36.9 million (1).HIV has been reportable in Canada since 1985 and the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC) continues to monitor trends in new HIV diagnoses.In Canada in 2017, there were 2,402 newly reported HIV diagnoses with a diagnosis rate of 6.5 per 100,000 population (2), which is an increase from 2014 when the rate of new HIV diagnoses was 5.8 per 100,000 population (2).Moreover, an estimated $686.8 million was spent on HIV prevention and treatment in Canada in 2015, demonstrating a significant economic burden of disease (3).
Recently, PHAC released a Pan-Canadian framework for action and an associated five-year action plan on sexually transmitted and bloodborne infections, which detail the importance of a SURVEILLANCE common approach to addressing key populations disproportionately affected by these infections (4,5).Early HIV diagnosis and reporting is crucial for monitoring trends in newly diagnosed infections to inform and evaluate prevention and care programs (6)(7)(8)(9).
The objective of this surveillance report is to provide an overview of the epidemiology of all reported diagnoses of HIV in Canada from 1985 to end of 2018, overall, as well as by geographic location, age group, sex and exposure category.As in previous reports, updated information on immigration medical screening results for HIV and on the number of infants perinatally exposed to HIV and perinatally infected with HIV are presented.This report will also discuss recent work completed by PHAC aimed at quantifying and explaining the effect of previously diagnosed cases of HIV on the trend of new HIV diagnoses in Canada (10).In addition, although PHAC has historically published surveillance reports pertaining to newly diagnosed cases of AIDS, PHAC is reporting 2018 AIDS cases through the Canadian Notifiable Disease Surveillance System (11) and, as such, AIDS cases will not be presented here.
It is important to keep in mind that surveillance data describe only the diagnosed portion of the HIV epidemic.National HIV estimates of prevalence and incidence that describe the overall HIV epidemic in Canada, including people with both diagnosed and undiagnosed HIV infection, are produced using statistical modelling and additional sources of information; these are published separately (12).

Data sources
The data presented in this HIV surveillance report come from three different sources: the national HIV/AIDS Surveillance System (HASS) maintained by PHAC; immigration medical screening for HIV by Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC); and the Canadian Perinatal HIV Surveillance Program (CPHSP).

HIV/AIDS Surveillance System
The HASS is a passive, case-based surveillance system that collates nonnominal data on persons diagnosed with HIV infection who meet the national case definition (13).Data, including but not limited to age, sex, race/ethnicity and risks associated with the transmission of HIV (exposure categories), are voluntarily submitted to PHAC from provincial and territorial public health authorities.For the purposes of this report, an "adult" is anyone aged 15 years or older.
It is important to note that Quebec does not submit exposure category or race/ethnicity information for HIV cases to PHAC, British Columbia does not submit race/ethnicity information for HIV cases to PHAC and Ontario has no race/ethnicity data available for reported HIV cases prior to 2009.In addition, for 2018, Saskatchewan attributed cases to being Indigenous or non-Indigenous only with respect to race/ethnicity without further breakdown.
Provinces and territories provide data through the National Case Report Form (14) or through a secure electronic dataset transmission.All raw data (paper forms and electronic datasets) are retained in compliance with the Directive for the Collection, Use and Dissemination of Information relating to Public Health (PHAC, 2013, unpublished document).Data quality assessment, such as the detection of duplicate entries, is handled by the provinces and territories prior to submission to PHAC.The data presented in this surveillance report represent newly reported HIV cases diagnosed on or before December 31, 2018, that were submitted by provincial and territorial surveillance programs to PHAC up to July 12, 2019.Additional details on the HASS's methods can be found elsewhere (2,14).

Immigration medical screening for HIV
All foreign nationals 15 years of age and older applying for permanent residence and some applying for temporary residence in Canada must undergo an Immigration Medical Exam (IME) administered by IRCC, either in Canada or overseas.IRCC provides PHAC with nonnominal data collected during the IME on migrants who tested positive for HIV, either in Canada or overseas.The term "migrant" is used broadly and includes the following: immigrants (permanent residents of Canada); refugees; refugee claimants or convention refugees; and temporary residents (visitors, students or foreign workers).The IME data presented here were obtained from IRCC's Global Case Management System, updated to March 2019, which contains the IME information for all applicants screened in Canada or overseas who tested positive for HIV.Aggregate data were provided to PHAC in July 2019.The data presented in this report focus on those tested in Canada.
IRCC shares nominal data from overseas IME test results with provinces and territories for all clients who have been diagnosed as having HIV and have a valid Canadian residential address on file that indicates their current province/territory of residence.These data may subsequently be incorporated, to varying degrees, into the provincial/territorial routine HIV case-based surveillance systems, with some jurisdictions reporting these HIV-positive migrant cases as a new diagnosis and others excluding them from provincial/territorial reporting to PHAC.

Canadian Perinatal HIV Surveillance Program
National data on the HIV status of infants exposed perinatally to HIV infection are collected through the CPHSP, an initiative of the Canadian Paediatric AIDS Research Group.The CPHSP is a sentinel-based active surveillance system that collects data on two groups of children: infants born to HIV-positive women and HIV-infected children receiving care at any participating site (whether born in Canada or abroad).Additional information on CPHSP methodology has been described previously (2).
Surveillance data for 2018, including data updates for previous years, were submitted to PHAC in March 2019.

Analysis
Descriptive trends overall and by geography, age group, sex, exposure category and key population are presented.Microsoft Excel 2010 (Redmond, Washington, United States [US]) and SAS Enterprise Guide v7.1 (Cary, North Carolina, US) software were used for data cleaning and analysis.Standardized data recoding procedures were applied to all submitted provincial and territorial datasets to create a national dataset for analysis.The surveillance data presented in this report were validated by all provinces and territories to ensure accuracy.No statistical procedures were used for comparative analysis, nor were any statistical techniques applied to account for missing data since analyses were limited to cross-tabulations due to the descriptive nature of the analysis.The proportions presented in the text exclude records with missing values unless otherwise noted.
The population data source used to calculate rates was the Annual Demographic Statistics, issued by Statistics Canada in July 2018 (15).Supplementary tables are listed in the Appendix and are available upon request.

Overall trends
A cumulative total of 88,881 HIV diagnoses have been reported to PHAC since HIV reporting began in Canada in 1985.In 2018, a total of 2,561 HIV diagnoses were reported, an increase of 8.2% compared with 2017.The national diagnosis rate has fluctuated over the years with a downward trend between 2008 and 2015, followed by slight increases to 6.9 per 100,000 population in 2018 (Figure 1).
Since 2009, the diagnosis rates for males and females have fluctuated.For males, there has been a slight decrease since 2009 (10.4 per 100,000 population in 2009 to 9.8 per 100,000 population in 2018).For females, the rate of HIV diagnoses has fluctuated between 2.5 and 4.2 per 100,000 population since 1996.In the last five years, the rate increased: 2.5 in 2013, 3.2 in 2017 and 4.0 in 2018, always per 100,000 population.

Race/ethnicity information
Over the years, the extent of completion of national data for race/ethnicity has varied.Race/ethnicity is not presented in this report, as it has been in previous reports, for two main reasons.
First, race/ethnicity information was available for less than half of reported HIV cases in 2018 (n=1,196, 46.7%, excluding Quebec and British Columbia).In addition, in 2018 for the first time, Saskatchewan attributed cases to two categories only: Indigenous and non-Indigenous, with no further breakdown.Secondly, due to Canada's population diversity and recent changes to Statistics Canada's methodology for categorizing ethnic origin (16), the current categories for race/ethnicity may need to be reassessed.
Of the cases with known race/ethnicity information, 19.3% were reported as Indigenous and 80.7% were reported as other races/ethnicities.These results are similar to those seen in 2017, when 20.1% were reported as Indigenous and 79.9% as other races/ethnicities.

Immigration medical screening for HIV
In 2018, a total of 1,026 migrants tested positive for HIV through the IME.Of these, 696 were tested in Canada (Figure 6) and 330 were tested overseas.This is an increase from 2017, when a total of 835 migrants tested positive on an IME, with 549 tested in Canada.Migrants who tested positive on the IME in Canada are highlighted in this report because these individuals are tested within the provincial/territorial public health systems and are therefore captured in the HASS.Abbreviations: gbMSM, gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men; n/a, not applicable; PWID, people who inject drugs a Total column includes transsexual, transgender and cases where sex was not reported, whereas "male" and "female" columns exclude these cases b Other`` includes cases from Alberta identified through Immigration Refugees and Citizenship Canada, blood/clotting, and other exposure categories c Proportions are based on the subtotal count for known exposure category d No identified risk: Used when the history of exposure to HIV through any of the other modes listed is unknown, or there is no reported exposure history (e.g. because of death, or loss to follow-up) (14) e Includes all cases where exposure category was unknown or not reported.As exposure category information was not submitted by Quebec, new HIV diagnoses reported by Quebec are included here

SURVEILLANCE
Of applicants tested in Canada from 2009 to 2018, a total of 3,739 migrants were diagnosed with HIV with an average of 374 per year (range 210-696).Slightly more than half of the HIV-positive migrants tested in Canada in 2018 were male (57.0%) and the majority of all applicants tested in Canada were 30-39 years old (39.8%), followed by 40-49 years old (26.4%).Individuals aged 20-29 years old, or ≥50 years accounted for 16% each of the total.The majority of HIV positive applicants resided in Ontario (52.7%) and Quebec (29.3%).

Canadian Perinatal HIV Surveillance System
There were 259 infants perinatally exposed to HIV in Canada in 2018.Of these, five infants were confirmed to be infected with HIV.Among these five infants, three were born to mothers who did not receive perinatal antiretroviral therapy (ART) prophylaxis and two were born to mothers who received perinatal ART prophylaxis.The number of infants perinatally exposed and confirmed to be infected with HIV has fluctuated slightly since 2011, but remained within the range of two to nine confirmed infected infants per year.The percentage of HIV-positive mothers receiving ART remained relatively stable in the last two years at 95.9% in 2017 and 96.5% in 2018.
In 2018 the most frequently reported exposure for mothers continued to be heterosexual contact at 75.0%, followed by PWID at 20.1%.With respect to the racial/ethnic origin of the mothers, 54.4% of perinatally exposed infants were born to mothers identified as Black in 2018.This was followed by 22.8% and 16.2% of HIV-exposed infants born to Indigenous and Caucasian mothers, respectively.The maternal region of birth for the majority of infants perinatally exposed to HIV in 2018 was Africa (45.2%) followed by North America (39.8%).

Discussion
In Canada, 2,561 HIV diagnoses were reported in 2018.This is an increase of 8.2% compared with 2017, and an overall increase of 9.3% in the last decade.The national diagnosis rate in 2018 was 6.9 per 100,000 population, a slight increase from 6.5 per 100,000 in 2017.(17,18).This increase among females in Canada is observed across all exposure categories and future data will help determine its significance.

Strengths and limitations
The main strength of this report is that it is the only source of national epidemiological data on all reported HIV diagnoses in Canada.
Limitations of HASS have been described previously (2,14).One limitation to note is the variation in reporting of previously diagnosed cases among the provinces and territories; the inclusion of some of these cases has likely led to an over counting of new HIV diagnoses in Canada (10).Future surveillance information will include methods to mitigate this limitation.Additionally, conclusions on race/ethnicity of newly reported HIV diagnoses in 2018 could not be made due to missing data from provincial/territorial submissions.Moving forward, PHAC will work with its surveillance partners to improve race/ethnicity information to understand these trends among those newly diagnosed with HIV.
Data in this report are considered provisional and may be subject to change in future HIV surveillance reports.If there are discrepancies between the data summarized in this report and provincial and territorial reports, the most recent provincial and territorial report should be used because updated national data may still be pending.

Conclusion
The number and rate of reported HIV cases in Canada increased in 2018 and this may be due in part to cases who were diagnosed for the first time within a province and territory but had been previously diagnosed either in other provinces or from outside the country.The gbMSM exposure category continued to account for the highest exposure category proportion of HIV in Canada, although this proportion has decreased.The number and rate of new diagnoses increased among women in all exposure categories.PHAC will continue to work with provinces and territories to more accurately describe the trends in HIV transmission occurring in Canada, including the identification of previously diagnosed cases.
The Public Health Agency of Canada would like to acknowledge the following individuals from the provincial and territorial HIV/AIDS programs for their contribution and participation: S Fathima, Alberta

Figure
Figure 5: Proportion of reported HIV cases (≥15 years of age) by exposure category and age group, Canada, 2018 a,b Figure 1: Number of reported cases of HIV and diagnosis rates overall, by sex and year, Canada, 1996-2018 a Similar to the overall trend, when stratifying by sex the highest diagnosis rates were observed in the 30-39 year age group at 20.5 per 100,000 population for males and 10.1 per 100,000 population for females.When observing the rates in other age groups, the 20-29 and the 40-49 year age groups had the second and third highest diagnosis rates in males at 17.2 and 16.4 per 100,000 population, respectively.The opposite trend was observed in the female population where the 40-49 year age group had the second highest diagnosis rate at 7.0 per 100,000 population, followed by the 20-29 year age group with a rate of 5.2 per 100,000 population.Trends in exposure category have shifted since HIV reporting began in 1985.Over the years, although the gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men (gbMSM) exposure category has continued to account for the highest proportion of cases, the proportion has decreased over time.In 2018, among all cases where exposure category was known (n=1,462, 57.1%), 41.4% of all reported cases in adults (n=600 of 1,450) were attributed to the gbMSM exposure category (Table1).This was a decrease from 46.6% in 2017.The second most reported exposure category among adults continued to be heterosexual contact at 32.3% of adult cases with known exposure, and a shift was observed in the distribution of the proportions for each heterosexual contact subgroup in the past five years.The proportion of the three heterosexual subgroups was almost equal in 2014, with an average of 9.6%, whereas in 2018, this distribution varied with 15.4% attributed to heterosexual contact among people born in a country where HIV is endemic a Overall rate includes cases where sex is transgender, transsexual, not reported or unknown Figure 2: HIV diagnosis rate, (per 100,000 population) by province and territory, Canada, 2018 aAbbreviations: AB, Alberta; BC, British Columbia; MB, Manitoba; ON, Ontario; QC, Quebec; SK, Saskatchewan; ≥, greater than or equal to a Rates for the territories (Yukon, Nunavut, and Northwest Territories) and Atlantic region (Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland and Labrador) are presented as averages b National rate of 6.9 cases per 100,000 population SURVEILLANCE Age group and sex distribution groups were similar for both males and females.However, the proportion of HIV cases was lower in females for the 20-29 year age group and higher in both the 15-19 year and <15 year age groups.(Het-Endemic),6.2%among heterosexual contact with a person at risk (Het-Risk) and 10.7% among heterosexual contact with no identified risk (Het-NIR).People who inject drugs (PWID) accounted for the third most frequently reported exposure category among adults in 2018 at 18.3% (Table1).

Table 1 :
Number and proportion of HIV cases (≥15 years of age) by sex and exposure category, Canada (excluding Quebec), 2017-2018 a-e Abbreviations: gbMSM, gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men; PWID, people who inject drugs; ≥, older than or equal a Excludes cases where exposure category was "not reported" b "Other exposure" category includes cases from Alberta identified through Immigration Refugees and Citizenship Canada, blood/clotting, and other exposure categories Ontario and Quebec observed increased rates in the female population in 2018 when compared with 2017.Increased rates in females have not been observed in other high income countries: diagnosis rates among females in Australia have been stable with the highest rates among women aged 30-39 years old (19), and the US and the United Kingdom both reported a decrease in the diagnosis rates for women Health; A O'Brien, Alberta Health; J Wong, Clinical Prevention Service, Surveillance and Epidemiology, BC Centre for Disease Control; C Loeppky, Manitoba Health; R RaaFat Gad, New Brunswick Department of Health; S Landsburg, New Brunswick Department of Health; S Wertz, New Brunswick Department of Health; B Halfyard, Department of Health and Community Services, Newfoundland and Labrador; M O'Driscoll, Department of Health and Community Services, Newfoundland and Labrador; H Hannah, Department of Health and Social Services, Northwest Territories; B Billard, Nova Scotia Department of Health and Wellness; S Fleming, Nova Scotia Department of Health and Wellness; K Kullerperuma, Nunavut Department of Health; A Kroch, Ontario Treatment Network; J Liu, Public Health Ontario; M Murti, Public Health Ontario; M Whelan, Public Health Ontario; S Baidoobonso, Prince Edward Island Department of Health and Wellness; C Cheverie, Prince Edward Island Department of Health and Wellness; R Bitera, Direction des risques biologiques et de la santé au travail, Institut national de santé publique du Québec; M Fauvel, Laboratoire de santé publique du Québec, Institut national de santé publique du Québec; M Hastie, Laboratoire de santé publique du Québec, Institut national de santé publique du Québec; R Parent, Direction des risques biologiques et de la santé au travail, Institut national de santé publique du Québec; B Serhir, Laboratoire de santé publique du Québec, Institut national de santé publique du Québec; D Sylvain, Laboratoire de santé publique du Québec, Institut national de santé publique du Québec; H Bangura, Saskatchewan Ministry of Health; J Manalo, Saskatchewan Ministry of Health; R Wallace, Yukon Communicable Disease Control; L Strudwick, Yukon Communicable Disease Control; S Plitt, Public Health Agency of Canada, Alberta; E Wong, Public Health Agency of Canada, British Columbia; J Paul, Public Health Agency of Canada, Manitoba; H Rilkoff, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ontario; T Schellenberg, Public Health Agency of Canada, Saskatchewan; M Nichols Public Health Agency of Canada, Nova Scotia.