A Novel Reconfigurable MMIC Antenna with RF-MEMS Resonator for Radar Application at K and Ka Bands

This paper presents a new reconfigurable antenna based on coplanar waveguide (CPW). The design for reconfigurable antenna is based on monolithic microwave integrate circuit (MMIC). This scheme combines a CPW antenna and switchable resonator radio frequency micro-electromechanical system (RF-MEMS). The resonator RF-MEMS presents a meander inductor structure and tuning capacitor controlled by the applied DC voltage. This component can be used for the System on the Chip (SoC). Moreover, this device presents a compactness characteristic and the possibility to operate at high frequencies. The switch element allows changing the frequency band and the resonant frequency easily. The simulation results are shown between 10 and 40 GHz. The presented reconfigurable antenna can cover five bands: (26, 26.6) GHz, (26.4, 27.3) GHz, (27.3, 28) GHz, (29, 30.1) GHz and (30.13, 30.7) GHz. All simulation results were made by the High Frequency Structural Simulator (HFSS) software and validated by Computer Simulation Technology Microwave Studio (CST MWS). Keywords—RF-MEMS; CPW; Bandwidth; Meander; Resonator; Frequency reconfigurable antennas and MMIC


INTRODUCTION
Recently, the reconfigurable antennas, which are able to support different standards [1] becomes a very interesting topic for researchers.In the literature, a multiple reconfigurable frequency antenna designs have been published in wireless communication field [2].
In 1998, E. Brown is the first researcher witch used the RF-MEMS for reconfigurable antenna [7].Lately, many potential researchers use the RF-MEMS for frequency reconfigurable antenna essentially at very important frequencies.
The micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) present the mixture of mechanical and electronic elements integrated on a common substrate.A common feature in MEMS component is the presence of suspended membranes of different geometry (beams, cantilevers, bridges, etc.), which allows to obtain a unique and very complex functionality [8].The RF-MEMS is used to replace the classical switch based on semiconductors to obtain the best RF performance [9].
Actually, The RF-MEMS switches present many advantages compared to the conventional semiconductor components, such as, low insertion losses, good linearity, low power consumption, very important cut-off frequency, small volume and low cost fabrication [10].However, the RF-MEMS switches have some limitations, such as, their switching speed, usually limited to a few microseconds caused by the mechanical structure movement [11].
The RF-MEMS switches can be used in various domains in wireless communication, space, defence, security applications [12] and complex circuit.
In recent years, the radio frequency (RF) MEMS electrostatic actuators have been widely used in microwave communication system applications [13].The majority of RF-MEMS are operated using an electrostatic force.This microelectromechanical bridging element is employed to change the frequency.
In the literature, there are many recent reconfigurable antennas using different technologies; Such In [14], Prafulla et al have developed a reconfigurable Microstrip patch antenna using MEMS switch for Ku-band application, showing a good result in the gain and the frequency range; In [7], Bahram et al have used the SIW antenna technologies with the RF-MEMS switch in order to obtain the reconfigurable antenna by optimising the radiation pattern.In [15], Slot-ring patch antenna loaded with multi MEMS has been proposed and designed giving three different approaches (switchable antenna with RF-MEMS switches, wideband or multiband antenna integration with tunable filters, and array architectures).In [16], the CPW technology is combined with RF-MEMS cantilevers for the design of the reconfigurable UWB antenna.
The main problem with these papers is the hybrid structures (heterogeneous integration); only a few papers, such [15], have used the monolithic structure.
In this paper a novel structure design of monolithic reconfigurable antenna is presented and designed.The proposed structure of RF-MEMS resonator based on a bridge with two meander self.The presented paper falls into three parts: Section 1 presents a design of the proposed resonator www.ijacsa.thesai.orgRF-MEMS giving the simulation results for the MEMS parameters, such as the return loss, the insertion loss at different states.In Section 2, a CPW multiband antenna is described.In Section 3, the application of reconfigurable CPW antenna with the insertion of the RF-MEMS resonator is designed and analysed.Section 4 describes CPW reconfigurable antenna based on RF-MEMS resonator and finally Section 5 concludes this paper.

A. Conception of the proposed resonator
In the literature, there are tunable RF-MEMS, such as [17]- [18]; but their proposed structures are very complicated in order to have a simple configuration of a tunable RF-MEMS.We propose in [19] the structure of the Figure 1.This RF-MEMS resonator has a small dimension (1200x900x681) µm 3  and it is built with multilayer configuration as shown in Table 1.The base of the substrate is silicon (Si) with a thickness of 675 μm.The second layer is silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ).It is of the order of 2 μm and the line circuit CPW made of copper with thickness equal to 1 μm.The bridge is based on aluminium (Al) has a depth of 1μm.The bridge ends are attached to the base line of the CPW by a negative toner photoresist based on an epoxy polymer called SU-8 2000.5 with a thickness of 3 μm.The dielectric is fabricated with a Silicon Nitrade (Si 3 N 4 ) with depth equal to 1µm.

B. Simulation results of the proposed resonator
The proposed tunable resonator has been simulated by HFSS and CST MWS. Figure 2 presents the scattering parameters for different bridge positions made on a frequency band between 10 GHz and 40 GHz.The spacing g among bridge and CPW line varies between g=2µm at OFF state and g=3µm at ON state.
In Figures 2(a  The frequency range and the applied voltage is shown in Table 2.In this Schedule contains a comparison of the simulation result between HFSS and CST.The proposed bandwidth covers 3 bands.

III. CPW ANTENNA WITH ABSENCE OF RF-MEMS RESONATOR
A. Geometry of the proposed antenna Figure 3 shows the geometry of the proposed design multiband antennas.This antenna consists of CPW above IC antenna (4.9*7.1*0.677) mm 3 .The wafer is based on Silicon substrate with a thickness of 0.675 mm and Buffer layer based on SiO 2 equal to 1µm.L and W denote the length and width of the Wafer respectively, which are constant at 4.9 mm and 7.1 mm here.
The RF patch is modified in the shape of an inverted U with a ring resonator are printed and 50 Ohm CPW feed line ((S/We/S) = (90/120/90) µm) with a Length 1.6 mm on the same side of the substrate.The conductor-backed consists of rectangular for improving antenna efficiency [20].In the Table 3 shows the dimensions of the proposed antenna.

B. Simulation results of the CB-CPW antenna
The simulation results of the proposed antenna are presented in Figure 4.The Figures 4(a

A. Geometry of the proposed reconfigurable antenna
The configuration of the proposed reconfigurable CPW antenna is shown in Figure 6.The study of the integration of complementary RF-MEMS with CPW on the same substrate: MMIC technology.The reconfigurability of this antenna depends on the switching condition of the resonator RF-MEMS.

B. Simulation results of the reconfigurableantenna
Figure 7 shows the reflection coefficient Simulation results, the resonant frequencies can be observed at three state of the bridge.for g = 2 µm has alone resonant frequency 26.3 GHz the return Loss is coming to be 15.1 dB, for g = 2.5 µm has two resonant frequencies: firstly at 27 GHz with a return loss of 23 dB and 29.8 GHz (18dB), and for g = 3 µm has two resonant frequencies 27.5 GHz (19.84 dB) and 30.6GHz (26.62 dB).8 shows the radiation pattern at different resonance frequencies for three states when phi = 90°.Simulation results, the resonant frequencies can be observed at three state of bridge.Firstly, the three states bridge given three resonance frequencies and the main lobe at teta = 310°.Secondly, only for g= 2.5µm and g= 3µm given the resonance frequency and the main lobe at teta = 0°.This sheet used for a new compact CPW antenna.The proposed antennas are a SRR and are added within the shape of inverted U shape to have the appearance multi-band feature which shows almost the same results as of CST, MWS and HFSS.The results of the resonant frequencies are 32.8, 35.1 and 37.5 GHz, respectively with the realised gain of 3.57, 4.18 and 4.29 dB, respectively.
The association of the proposed RF-MEMS and this antenna are the reconfigurability aspect at Ka band.For g = 2 µm has alone resonant frequency 26.3 GHz the return Loss is coming to be 15.1 dB and the realised gain equal to 3 dB, for g = 2.5 µm has two resonant frequencies 27 and 29.8 GHz with a return loss of 23 dB and 18dB, the realised gain 3 dB and 2 dB.For g = 3 µm has two resonant frequencies 27.5 and 30.6 GHz return loss (19.84 dB) and (26.62 dB) with realised gain 2 dB and 1 dB.This resonator switcher can be used in different RF applications and in this paper this component is used in reconfigurable antenna.
Fig. 1.Design of resonator RF-MEMS ) and 2(b) shown as respectively the return loss (S 11 ) and the insertion loss (S 12 ) respectively for g=2, 2.5 and 3 µm are shown.Bridge to change these levels gives three resonance frequencies.The insertion loss S 12 parameter presents almost constant value equal to -1 dB for all simulated spacing g factor when the S 11 parameter is down to -10dB.There is a good correspondence between the simulation on HFSS and CST MWS.

Fig. 5 .Figure 5
Fig. 4. Return Loss and VSWR of the proposed antennas

Fig. 7 .
Fig. 7.Return loss of reconfigurable antenna at different at differents states

Figure
Figure8shows the radiation pattern at different resonance frequencies for three states when phi = 90°.Simulation results, the resonant frequencies can be observed at three state of bridge.Firstly, the three states bridge given three resonance frequencies and the main lobe at teta = 310°.Secondly, only for g= 2.5µm and g= 3µm given the resonance frequency and the main lobe at teta = 0°.

TABLE I .
GEOMETRIC PARAMETRS OF THE RESONATOR RF-MEMS

TABLE III .
THE GEOMETRIC PARAMETERS OF THE CPW ANTENNA

Table 4
summarises the results of the reconfigurable antenna in terms of resonance frequencies, frequency ranges, bandwidth (calculate by equation 1) and the gain.

TABLE IV .
THE RECONFIGURABLE ANTENNA RESULTSThis paper presents a new contribution design for reconfigurable antenna, the idea of this reconfigurable antenna is very simple, based on the association between the resonator RF-MEMS and CPW antenna.The resonator is based on meander inductors and variable capacities.The control of this capacity is depending of the applied voltage to the bridge membrane.