THE IDENTIFICATION OF A GROUP OF SETTLEMENT KNOWN AS "HIRZŮV ÚJEZD" BY ČERNÁ

Though small in area, Hirzův Újezd [1] was valuable, mostly because of its strategically important location on the Linec trail. From today’s point of view, its value lies in its compactness and in the fact that it was probably founded by a single locator – Hirzo, which is in this size rare in our country. This paper consists of identifying the aggregate of Hirzův Újezd and its development from its probable founding up to the present. The village identification method is based on the study of accessible historical records, which were partly uncovered by Jiří Kuthan. The method used for the determination of the presumed original founding concept is predominantly grounded in the research of Z. Pešková and J. Škabrada and is accepted among proffessionals. The survey of the area identified all thirteen settlements, twelve of them were still wellpreserved shortly after the end of the World War II. Unfortunately, only three of the settlements were preserved to the present day in a good condition and another three only as fragments. This information will be used as a base for further study of the settlement-founding systems in the examined area (dissertation on the topic of Identification of surveying methods of locator Hirzo). By better understanding of the founding process of a settlement, we can obtain materials for protection of valuable and in many places still visible original structure, for example by projecting it into Spacial planning.


INTRODUCTION
Hirzův Újezd [2] was, despite its relatively small size, historically valuable, mainly because of its strategical position on the important "Linecká zemská stezka" [3] which led through it (specifically, through Mýto and Dolní Vltavice) from the royal castle in Boletice to Kovářovice and further, up to Haslach in Austria [4].
From today's point of view, the value of the domain is mainly in the person of its likely locator, Hirzo [5].In this country, it's comparatively rare for a single person who probably founded several settlements [6] in such a compact group and amount (up to 13 villages are ascribed to him [7]) to be directly known.
The goal of this paper is to identify the group of "Hirzův Újezd" and its individual settlements, both the villages that were preserved to this day and those that disappeared.With villages thus found, I will search for their ground plans with the best correspondence to the probable structure of the original foundingtheir survey systems [8].With the disappeared villages, I will also determine the probable time of their disappearance.
This paper is also about the first part my PhD thesis I'm currently working on with the theme "Identification of the Survey Systems of the Locator Hirzo and their Present Use" [9].The goal of this work is to find an answer to the question if it's possible to find the original survey systems of Hirzův Újezd, which has, in present time, partially disappeared and, first and foremost, was forgotten, and if it's possible to find, as a part of this group, certain unifying elementsa foundation system that would lend support to the theory that these villages were indeed founded by a single locator (Hirzo) or by his group.This could even give another view of the possible evaluation of survey systems from the Middle Ages and the deeper understanding of the original way of founding could give us materials for possible protection of valuable, and often still recognizable original structure of the settlements.
As the direct protection of the settlements does not seem to be really possible (as the settlements are not preserved enough to be put under a conservational protection), it seems optimal to project this information into the process of Regional planning, using Master plans as a part of Regional planning materials.This does not require any legislative changes and allows to intervene more or less immediately [10].We could use this as another way to help protect the heritage of the past from destruction through continuing improper interventions in the character of our villages.

METHODS AND THE SCOPE OF THIS WORK
The method of village identification is based on the study of available historical sources that were sketched by Jiří Kuthan [11] and also mentioned by J. V. Šimák [12] who also claimed that the colonization of the domain was very likely finished during the Hirzo's period of ownership.To determine the survey systemsthe original foundation, and therefore also the urbanistic conception of the settlement -I use the method, already accepted among the expert public, resting on the relatively recent research of Z. Pešková and J. Škabrada [13].
The scope of this work is defined by the activity (as far as can be found) of the locator Hirzo in the group of villages known as Hirzův Újezd [14].The main sources are two documents mentioning the list of the villages of Mokerský Újezd for the first time: a document of the King Přemysl Otakar II about the donation of Hirzo, the Zvíkov burgrave, to the Zlatá Koruna abbey from 27 th March 1268 [15], and a document of the king Václav II from 11 th January 1284 confirming said donation [16].

IDENTIFICATION AND LOCATION OF SETTLEMENTS
During the 13th century, the colonization activity in the Českobudějovicko [17] locality was at its peak, there were changes in the settlement structures, the foundation of the stable village net and vicarage organizations were laid down.A large amount of medieval towns and monasteries were founded [18].The area of 13th century Českobudějovicko was not easily accessiblenot just because of the enclosed vegetation, but mainly because of large amount of unpassable peat bogs of various types and various stages of development [19].The proof of the increase of colonization activity in the České Budějovice basin during the end of the 12th century and during the 13th century are the surveys of plant macroremains and the reconstruction of the landscape changes during that time.These paleobotanical indicators suggest a vast reduction of the forested areas [20].It can be proved, that in this period, Hirzo, as the burgrove, participated in the construction of the Zvíkov castle; he was also present at the construction of the royal town of Písek and, most importantly, at the foundation of the town of České Budějovice [21].These facts incontrovertibly point to the importance of Hirzo's person, not only in the Českobudějovicko locality but also in the kingdom as such.Hirzo was most likely also a part of another location venturethe foundation of the town Netolice which was created by enlarging of the market settlement Staré Město in the vicinity of St. Václav's church in the middle of 1260s.There is also a possibility that Hirzo had his hand in the foundation of the royal town of Vodňany in the newly created demesne Hluboká.The ground plan of this town shows striking concordances with the disposition of České Budějovice.Unfortunately, the creation of this town is not supported by written reports [22].
The person of Hirzo is also tightly related to the Cistercian abbey in Zlatá Koruna, founded right during the time when Hirzo worked in this locality -in 1263, by the king Přemysl Otakar II.The important position of the monastery in this locality is also confirmed by the king's gift: a relic, Jesus Christ's crown of thorns [23]; the monastery also owned vast estates in Netolicko and Boleticko [24], directly adjacent to Hirzův Újezd.After Hirzo's death, it became the property of the monastery thanks to his donation.[25] The locality in question was an important communication and trade line; the important "Linecká zemská stezka" [26] passed through there, beginning in Linz and going through Cáchlov (Freistadt), the country gate in Dolní Dvořiště, Kaplice, Velešín, Doudleby, České Budějovice where it split in two branches.One branch led to Netolice, Vodňany and Písek, the other one to Soběslav, Tábor and Prague.Another trail, "Vitorazská stezka", led from the Austrian monastery Světlá (Zwettl) through Vitorazsko to the country gate in the Novohradské hory mountain range to Trhové Sviny and through Doudleby to České Budějovice where it joined "Linecká stezka".Also, one of Zlatá stezka's branches (of so-called Prachatice system) led in the direction of Netolice and Vodňany, joining Linecká stezka [27] (which had Hirzův Újezd on it) at Lhenice.
The main source for the identification of the villages of Hirzův Újezd are two documents that mention the complete list of Mokerský Újezd villages for the first time: a document of the King Přemysl Otakar II confirming the donation of Hirzo, the Zvíkov burgrave, to the Zlatá Koruna abbey from 27 th March 1268 [28], and a document of the king Václav II from 11 th January 1284 [29], once again confirming this donation.This document is also the first historical source that mentions the villages themselves (without being tied to the group as such) [30].If we additionally take into account that the number of estates in the group is not growing since that first mention [31] and that the name, with exception of those which were probably "officially" germanized [32], are of Czech origin, it confirms the presumption that this area was colonized mostly by Czech people from the interior in the period when the group was owned by Hirzo, who basically finished the colonization of this area in this manner.This is also confirmed by Krumlov registers from 1445 [33].Other valuable materials are the archives of Czech monasteries abolished during the reign of Josef II [34], which clearly once again show the transformation of village names into a germanized form between 1483 and 1513.This is now very similar to the names from the age of making of Indikační skicia stable land register from 1826-1843 (for Bohemia) [35].The correct assignment of village names in the present (19 th -20 th century) is then verified by direct search and compared with the database of villages that no longer exist (for example in: www.zanikleobce.cz).
As can be clearly seen from Table 1, all the villages have been traced back to the beginning of the 16 th century.At the beginning of the 19 th century, it is still possible to find 12 of them, including the sufficiently expressive ground plans.There is a whole gamut of settlements, from small ones that are basically just groups of several objects (Jankov, Skladné-Skalní, Dětochov) through villages with clear object groupings at one side of the village square line (Mladoňov, Záhliní) to villages with clearly defined village square and many objects by its sides (Hořičky, Radslav, Mýto, Mokrá, Dolní Vltavice, Bližná, Černá v Pošumaví)which show character-location founding [36].Namely, the research of Z. Pešková showed that the states shown at Indikační skici may be considered sufficiently evidential, illustrating the likely structures of the villages' foundation [37].In fact, there are no other options.The archaeological surveys of this locality are practically nonexistent [38] and Indikační skici -Císařské otisky map stabilního katastru [39] are the first materials that more or less correctly describe the object locations, including the relation to the agricultural area.
In the era shortly after the end of the WWII, we are able to use extremely precise materials in toe form of plane photos [40] which, in combination with SMO-5 maps and Indikační skici, allow identification of these villages with a high degree of certainty.12 villages of the original Hirzův Újezd were successfully identified in this locality and time period: Hořičky, Mladoňov, Radslav, Jankov, Skalní, Dětochov, Mýto, Mokrá, Záhliní, Černá, Bližná and Dolní Vltavice.Unfortunately, only three settlements (Mýto, Mokrá and Černá) were preserved until present in relatively good state and three others (Radslav, Bližná and Dolní Vltavice) were preserved in fragments.This radical development was partially caused by the global decline of border areas after the WWII; all settlements in the area show devastation in the years shortly after the war, but the greatest direct impact happened at the settlements Záhliní and Bližná.However, the greatest damage was undoubtedly done by the foundation of military domain Boletice which led to the disappearance of settlements Hořičky, Mladoňov and Dětochov [41] and the construction of the Lipno reservoir which caused the demise or strong modification of the settlements Dolní Vltavice and Radslav [42].I study this problem from the point of view of an architect-urbanist and given the goals of this survey, I haven't done further historical research on this problem.

Author's Note: CHy1/ This is apparently an error (probably during transcription) when the settlements Mokrá and Mýto were confused (see the reference FS). CHy2/ No other publication, nor the original document, lists this site here, so it's very likely an error or an imprecise settlement inclusion (see FS) MN1/ Most likely a simple confusion in the text of the article , the settlement definitely corresponds to Hořičky. MAP/ Confirmed in the map materials by confronting the maps of Stabilní katastr, the maps of SMO-5 and the military mappings. Present state checked via satellite photos. A Document of the king Přemysl Otakar II confirming the donation of Hirzo
Pošumaví), transl.1995, for download at http://www.geosumava.cz/web/index.php?web_show=dokument) claims that the current name of the village can be provably found.Josef R. Hahnel says, in his chronicle, that the data was taken from the archive of the castle of the prince Schwarzenberg in Krumlov."Through the benevolent interposition of the head director of the archive, Mr. Dr. Tannich, the mayor of Krumlov, did His Highness grant a special authorization to the writer of the village chronicle to perform the necessary research for the aforementioned village chronicle.For the reason of distance in space, this part of the work was done by the teacher Mr. Leopold Eichler from Krumlov." FS/ The identification was performed by the chronicler and author of large amount of articles about the Vyšebrodsko region František Schusser, In: http://www.horniplana.cz/clanek.php?id=396 CD/ Identification according th the information from FRIEDRICH,DUŠKOVÁ,VAŠKŮ.Codex Diplomaticus Et Epistolaris Regni Bohemiae Tomi V. Pragae MXMIII.p.94-279.ČO/ Translations listed in the analysis "Přívlastková místní jména z materiálu 11. -13.Století" (Adjective local names from the 11 th -13 th century sources), In: ČORNEJOVÁ, Michaela.Místní jména z materiálu 11. -13.století (Local names from the 11 th -13 th century sources).IN: Acta onomastica 47.140-50,2006.PA1/ Source: PANGERL, Stift Goldenkron (=FRA II/37, Wien 1872), S. 32, Nr. 10, commentaries to the donation document "Konig Wenzel II.bestätigt die Güterschenkung des Hirzo (Hrz) Burggrafen zu Klingenberg an das Kloster Goldenkron."Available at: http://monasterium.net/mom/CZ-NA/AZK/1284_I_11/charter.PA2/ Source: PANGERL, Anhang Stift Goldenkron (=FRA II/37, Wien 1872) S. 617-622, Nr. 44.Commentaries to the documentnames listed here can be found directly in the document.PA3/ Source: PANGERL, Stift Goldenkron (=FRA II/37, Wien 1872), S. 579, Nr. 254.Commentaries to the documentthe names cannot be gleaned from the documentassignment is only in the commentaries.PRU/ PRUSIK, František -Pomezný hvozd a nejnovější spisy o něm (Pomezný hvozd and the latest treatises about it).Sborník historický 1885.Printed and published by J. Otta, pp.9-16; 111-119; 169-177.KRO/ The original German chronicle of the village of Černá v Pošumaví.Volume one, until 1945.KRO2/ The chronicle of the village Černá v Pošumaví.Volume two, 1977-1989.The author, Ing.František Záhora says that his source was Státní archív in Český Krumlov, but unfortunately he does not specify anything more.He is not the only author mentioning this hypothesis, for example also František Prusik In. : Pomezný hvozd a nejnovější spisy o něm (Pomezný hvozd and the latest treatises about it).Sborník historický 1885.Printed and published by J. Otta, pp.111-119.CH1/ CHYTIL, Alois.Chytilův úplný adresář království Českého (Chytil's complete directory of the kingdom of Bohemia).Prague 1915.CH2/ CHYTIL, Alois.Chytilův Místopis ČSR (Chytil's topography of ČSR) 2 nd edition.Prague 1929.
, the Zvíkov burgrave, to the Zlatá Koruna abbey from 27 th March 1268 In: RBM II., No. 608, p. 236.(the literature more often uses the transcription of names shown in the first position (for example KUTHAN, Jiří.Zvíkovský purkrabí Hirzo -příspěvek k dějinám kolonizace Jižních Čech (Hirzo the Zvíkov Burgrave -A Contribution to the History of Colonization of Southern Bohemia).Českomoravský časopis historický, XIX, 1971, No. 5, p. 719.after // shows the direct transcript from the original document) B Document of the king Václav II from 11 th January 1284 confirming Hirzo's donation.In: RBM II., No. 1309, p. 564.(the first position shows the direct name transcription from the document, which is available online: http://147.231.53.91/src/index.php?s=v&cat=8&bookid=132), /www.horniplana.cz/clanek.php?id=396.There is a problem with searching, as František Schusser, an author who spent most of his life researching the microregion of so-called "Vyšebrodsko" mentions Krumlovské registry as his source, as Kuthan does (see above), the closest to this work description is: SCHMIDT and PICHA.Urkundenbuch der Stadt Krummau in Böhmen II.Band (1420-1480).Prague 1910., however this name wasn't found here successfully, there is a question whether the author did actually mean this source.D The archive of Czech monasteries abolished during the reign of Josef II (1715-1760), document from 1483 in: PANGERL, Anhang Stift Goldenkron (=FRA II/37, Wien 1872) p. 617-622, No. 44, available for example at: http://www.mom-ca.uni-koeln.de/mom/CZ-NA/AZK/1483_X_16/charter?_lang=ces E The archive of Czech monasteries abolished during the reign of Josef II (1715-1760), document from 1513 in: PANGERL, Stift Goldenkron (=FRA II/37, Wien 1872), p. 579, No. 254.F So-called "mandatory imperial imprints" in the scale 1: 2,880 that show the state during the mapping time (1826-1843 for Bohemia and 1824-1836 for Moravia and Silesia) are the key for the identification of the survey systems themselves (source: http://oldmaps.geolab.cz),and so the physical identification requires to determine their names in this time period.G The materials are an air photosurvey of ČSR from 1947-1952 available for example at http://kontaminace.cenia.cz,names searched and checked using the SMO5 maps.H The materials are current (2014) sattelite photos available for example at https://www.google.cz/maps/preview.(state on 1/9/2014 as for the Internet source dating) I The foundation of military domain Boletice, for example the official website of ČR army at http://www.vojujezd-boletice.cz/J The foundation of military domain Boletice, for example the official website of ČR army at http://www.vojujezd-boletice.cz/K Construction of the valley reservoir Lipno 1951-58, for dating see the official website at http://www.lipensko.orgL Confirmed both on the map materials and with "Statistický lexikon obcí republiky Československé 1955", in 1950 there were 3 houses and 0 inhabitants, available for example at: http://www.zanikleobce.cz/index.php?menu=121&obec=616.M Confirmed both on the map materials and with "Statistický lexikon obcí republiky Československé 1955", in 1950 there were 3 houses and 0 inhabitants, available for example at: http://www.zanikleobce.cz/index.php?menu=121&obec=616 N The comparison of plane photosurvey of ČSR from 1947-1952 with the current satellite photos clearly shows that the present settlement Květušín expanded to the position of the settlement Dětochov, which therefore no longer exists.The plane photos also show that the settlement disappearedwas disappearing during this exact period.The estates are heavily damaged and the photos indicate they are probably uninhabited; with surrounding settlements taken into account, we can assume that it disappeared after the displacement of Germans, i.e. cca after 1947.O Confirmed both on the map materials and with "Statistický lexikon obcí republiky Československé 1955",in 1950 there were 6 houses and 35 inhabitants, available for example at: http://www.zanikleobce.cz/index.php?menu=121&obec=616 P Construction of the valley reservoir Lipno 1951-58, for dating see the official webpage at http://www.lipensko.org