Managing an intergenerational workforce as a factor of company competitiveness

e purpose of this paper is to present the concept of intergenerational cooperation which, in the face of current demographic changes, including the aging population, can provide support for modern business. e concept presented here emphasizes the need to develop intergenerational cooperation in order to keep improving company competitiveness through dispelling myths about the destructive in uence that the youngest generation entering the labour market supposedly has on cooperation. e scienti c literature on the subject provides many ambiguous de nitions of competitiveness, which usually fail to determine the factors necessary to achieve it and, instead, often resort to making comparisons between companies. is vagueness comes from a diversity of approaches to de ning the sources of competitive advantage. A review of literature and research conducted among business executives by the authors of this paper allow us to dispel the myths that often lead to discrimination against Generation Y members in the labour market. e study also outlines several areas in which generational diversity management may bring bene ts, as well as its impact on building a competitive edge in the following elds: costs, resources, marketing, system organization, creation and communication. is enables to build core competencies in new areas, especially by focusing on the learning process, which results in the acquisition of new knowledge and skills by employees, improving existing skill and knowledge levels, as well as introducing the principle of knowledge management. As a result, better conditions for the development of resources and new ways of their con guration are provided which, in turn, serves as a basis for the creation and development of core competences in the company.


INTRODUCTION
In the context of increasing globalization and regionalization of the economy, the conditions in which businesses operate and, consequently, their competitiveness are increasingly dependent on actions taken by various entities operating in their business environment.When assessing the determinants of business competitiveness we must note the signi cance of core competencies, currently ranked among the most important factors a ecting the company's position in the market.In recently published literature on the subject, the term "human resources" is increasingly often replaced by "human capital", which may indicate awareness of the status and importance of the human factor in the era of a knowledge-based economy.Moreover, there has been a widespread belief that the employees' knowledge, skills and attitudes are values that enable the company to acquire and maintain a sustainable and unquestionable competitive advantage.
Having a diverse team allows you to more e ectively acquire and keep customers, which translates into better nancial condition of the company.More than 83% of HR directors says that having a diverse team allows you to more e ectively raise the number of regular customers, which translates into better nancial standing rm in the direction of the knowledge economy1 .Meanwhile, the nationwide study on the use of the model of diversity management in business, shows that only 21% polish companies implement this type of solution, and 19% have formal procedures concerning cooperation in diverse teams 2 .

SELECTED ASPECTS OF COMPANY COMPETITIVENESS
Worldwide technological progress causes considerable changes in the signi cance of di erent factors of production.e role of traditional production factors, such as natural resources, climate, location, workforce skills and capital, is still very profound.However, as a consequence of successive industrial revolutions, other factors are becoming increasingly important.ese include communication infrastructure and qualications of managerial sta (which is an important component of the company's intellectual capital).In order to achieve a competitive advantage, companies use hard and soft resources."Hard" resources include capital, technology, clear-cut long-term strategies and an e ective organizational structure."Soft" factors include the company's socio-economic environment, which encompasses knowledge and education levels (Koźmiński, 2004).
One of the most comprehensive approaches to the assessment of a company's competitive position is that of Z. Pierścionek, who notes that "from the stakeholders' point of view, [an organization] is deemed to be competitive among a group of companies, if it achieves the stakeholders' goals at a desirable level and/ or has the potential to achieve these goals in the future" (Pierścionek, 2003).In his view, the evaluation of a company's competitive position should involve examining, among other factors, the quality of resources and competences (i.e.skills) of the company's employees.
e changes that are currently taking place in organizations, resulting primarily from globalization caused by increased competition in the international market, changes in cultural patterns, as well as higher education and career aspirations of employees, make the traditional sources of competitive advantage less e ective which, in turn, leads to changes in how companies compete with each other (Dwojacki, Nogalski, Sikorski, 1999).In the contemporary economic reality, competitive advantage is determined, among other factors, by: -the core competences that de ne and support the development of distinctive capabilities, processes and resources and, at the same time, weaken the status of actions that do not create added value, -continuous improvement through a learning process, -cooperation with partners (e.g.suppliers, customers) and complementing one's own competences with those of a partner (Bratnicki, 2000): Performing tasks based on these sources of competitive advantage requires a focus on intangible resources, notably on knowledge.is often entails introducing a radical change in the way the company is managed.e challenge for managers is to create a range of unique competencies that will give the company a competitive advantage.

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF CORE COMPETENCES IN THE PROCESS OF COOPERATION
e concept of competency-based competition forms one of the competence based perspective theories.It focuses on the analysis of an organization's interior, where sources of competitive advantage are believed to originate.
Among the pioneers of the competency-based competition concept, a prominent role is played by the authors of e Core Competence of the Corporation, a paper in which they explained the essence of core competences.e authors de ned the term as collective learning in the organization, particularly in coordinating diverse production skills and integrating multiple streams of technologies.Core competences consist of communication, commitment and dedication of employees at multiple levels and functions.ey determine the direction of future operations and drive the development of new businesses (Prahalad, Hamel, 1990).
Other authors suggest that core competences are sets of skills and expertise rather than products and features.ey are primarily of intellectual nature and relate to the entirety of the company's operations (Quinn, Hilmer, 1994).Maintaining a competitive edge requires managing the combination of competences available to the company.
-A.B.Escrig-Tena and J.C. Bou-Llousar developed a set comprising mainly soft skills: -leadership -competences in this area include the ability of superiors to articulate and communicate the vision and strategy of the company, and to support subordinates in achieving these goals, -taking advantage of the company's environment -focusing on the client provides information about the business environment, -developing the employees' know-how -creating conditions conducive to the employees' creativity, which at the same time enriches their work, -external cooperation skills -forging partnerships with clients and suppliers, -creating a collaborative mind -taking actions conducive to teamwork, -commitment to the company -taking actions conducive to identi cation with the goals and values recognized as important in the organization, -stimulating the learning process in the organization -acting in line with highly structured problemsolving processes and creating good conditions for teamwork, which fosters learning in the company (Łoboda, Sitko-Lutek, 2007).Organizational structures that enable the creation and development of core competencies as a source of competitive advantage include the network organization, the learning organization and the intelligent organization.In such organizations, activities are focused on mental capabilities, because they are more relevant to achieving a competitive edge than any physical abilities.A key role is played by the learning process and its results depend primarily on the ability to use intellectual capital.In such organizational forms, work is organized in line with di erent principles (than in more traditional forms).Also, the requirements concerning employees are higher.e characteristic features of each generation, each employee's personality and their individual attitudes are considered important factors.Employees are expected to possess adequate knowledge (including expertise), to be highly e cient, self-disciplined, ready for teleworking, able to selforganize their work and to achieve their self-set objectives independently.e ability to establish contacts and retrieve information from the environment, as well as conduct cooperation with other teams in order to identify customers' needs, are both considered important.e distinction between superiors and subordinates becomes blurred, which facilitates free communication.
Successful workforce management involves conscious investment in developing the employees' knowledge and skills and an e ective use of their inherent intellectual potential.It is important to recognize and understand that each person is an individual being with their individual consciousness, speci c personality traits, aptitudes, abilities, knowledge, experience and skills that they contribute to the organization.Workforce diversity can be a source of success and tangible bene ts to the organization if these assets are managed e ectively.e main goal of diversity management is to create working conditions and an organizational culture model where employees will have a chance to share their knowledge and learn from each other which, in turn, leads to making better use of their talents and abilities.

MANAGING GENERATIONS IN DIVERSITY MANAGEMENT
Many companies operating in the Polish market still treat managing the so-called intellectual capital as meaningless marketing slogans or one-o ad hoc actions taken without any speci c aim. e same can be said about diversity which often appears as a vague catchword used in company brochures.e twenty-rst century forces companies to take a di erent perspective, related mainly to the new ways of communicating and building the company's reputation (image) on trust, particularly in relation to diversity 3 .
It might seem that this issue concerns only large companies, and yet customers, employees or contractors di er even in micro-enterprises.Accordingly, this cause should be embraced by each company, regardless of its size or the sector in which it operates.

e diversity of stakeholders' expectations
Gone are the times when the company's strategy was shaped by the owners whose sole purpose was pro t.Currently, in order to gain a competitive edge and/or a stable market position, a company's strategic planning must incorporate the requirements and expectations of all stakeholders, including loyal customers, loyal employees and the social environment of the company.
is raises the need for reconciliation of purposes and perspectives of di erent groups, as well as assertiveness in relation to the expectations of partners who tend to demand taking actions that are inconsistent 3 Diversity encompasses all aspects that make people look different or alike, both the explicit -such as gender, age or race -and the implicit ones, like sexual orientation, ethnicity, (dis)ability, skills, education, professional experience, attitudes to life, lifestyles, learning styles, etc.
with the company values and ensure only short-term gains.erefore, it is worthwhile to de ne the key company stakeholders -both internal and external.

Diversity among generations 4
Managing intergenerational con icts is not an easy task -companies have been dealing with them since the dawn of time.e generations currently active on the labour market possess di erent characteristics and attitudes.e X Generation, which holds di ering views on work ethics and took part in the struggle for democracy, should be able to e ectively manage the generations of their children and grandchildren, the members of which are very di erent from themselves.However, the X Generation will soon be forced to work as their subordinates and negotiate with them. is presents a challenge which encompasses managing various attitudes, views, values and skills.Members of the X Generation are loyal and experienced.ey may be somewhat impatient, driven by their personal needs, but possess technological competences which are necessary to attain success in the modern age.Well thought-out mentoring and coaching programmes are one method of managing this area of diversity, as they combine a transfer of knowledge with teaching communication skills necessary in a global world.It is important to battle stereotypes which have arisen around the Y Generation -young employees who, even among members of their own generation, di er in individual characteristics, attitudes and values.

FACTS AND MYTHS CONCERNING THE Y GENERATION  A MANAGERIAL PERSPECTIVE
A number of human resource management theories should be brought up when presenting the pro le of a Y Generation employee.Many aspects of these theories (searching for a purpose in work, integrating the private and professional life, etc.) were obviously drawn from Schein's career anchor theory (Schein, 1990).
ese include mainly: autonomy/independence (the desire to be one's own master and to work at a freelychosen pace), entrepreneurial creativity (searching for a work environment which allows for expressing one's creative capabilities), pure challenge (the desire to overcome obstacles and solve complicated problems) and the lifestyle anchor (the need to integrate one's career and lifestyle).
Other aspects of human resource management (searching for feedback, group thinking, as well as elements that regard careers as a means of self-ful lment, integration of one's private and professional life or opportunism) are all part of various means/techniques of managing said resources.ey are, in fact, aimed mainly at individualization whose importance has been increasing over the last few decades (Pichault and Nizet, 2000).erefore, the Y Generation pro le clearly shows that adopting an individualized human resource management model would be ideally suited to the aspirations of its members.
e results of the authors' study, juxtaposing stereotypes about the Y Generation with employers' opinions, are presented in Table 1. 4 Currently, members of three generations are active on the labour market: The Baby Boomers (born between 1946 and 1964), the X Generation (1965)(1966)(1967)(1968)(1969)(1970)(1971)(1972)(1973)(1974)(1975)(1976)(1977)(1978)(1979)(1980) and the Y Generation (born after 1981).Conflicts occur mainly between members of the last two.Based on research results and literature, it can be stated that the widespread stereotypes about Y Generation employees are often false.What is more, members of the Y Generation approach careers in a similar manner to members of other generations.However, there is a number of characteristics that are strongly associated with the Y Generation.ese include: autonomy/independence, entrepreneurial creativity.As well as the following attitudes: searching for a purpose in work (being useful to others), a need of self-ful lment (pursuing a clear personal project, opportunities for personal development, attaching importance to lifelong education and integrating one's private and professional life which makes it possible to strike a balance between free time and work -all of these are true for members of all generations, including the Y generation. e similarities do not end there -members of the Y generation, just like the generations that came before them, are worried about their employment possibilities and reject opportunistic behaviour (individualistic behaviour is considered discouraging).
ese results were then veri ed and evaluated by a group of di erent level managers.A selection of the study results are presented in Table 2 which combines hypothetical characteristics of the Y generation with the managers' opinions.An analysis of managerial expectations towards a more individualised human resource management policy (in the context of diversity management) shows that they are not any di erent for the Y Generation: searching for feedback, group thinking and a number of aforementioned aspects (a need of self-ful lment, integrating one's private and professional life, a rejection of opportunism) apply to all three generations.e respondents indicated that members of the Y Generation are di erent in that they require regular changes of environment (which does not necessarily mean leaving for another company), feel the need to raise their competences, wish their company to adhere to certain values (respecting creativity and ethics) and remain worried about employment opportunities (fear of not nding the desired job). is stems from the fact that very few companies require their employees to do what that they are best at doing, assign tasks that take advantage of their natural talents, strengths, passions and interests.Some companies employ tools which help in determining the individual's talent and potential.

CONCLUSIONS
Intergenerational cooperation can be described as dynamic which is especially evident in the fact that changes can be anticipated by taking early action.e knowledge management process plays a key part within an organization.It supports the spread of knowledge among all employees, constantly adapting to the changing needs of the environment, by utilizing the knowledge and experience of the organization's workforce.erefore, conscious management of broadly-de ned diversity translates into the company's business strategy and has an impact on prede ning competitive factors.Such diversi cation serves to support the company's communications, implementation of new tools and conducting research on reputation (e.g. by using the 360 degrees method).It also a ects the company's organizational structure and facilitates the introduction of a cooperation-friendly atmosphere within it.However, this requires company owners and decision makers to change their habits and old ways of thinking.Practice shows that this is the most di cult part of the entire process.Nevertheless, when the necessary e ort is put in, advantages can be gained from utilizing all aspects of diversity which, in simple terms, translates into a return on investment.

Table 1
Identifying the Y Generation's distinctness on the labour market -comparative analysis resultsSource: M. Baran, M. Kłos, Pokolenie Y -mity i prawdy w kontekście zarządzania pokoleniami, (Generation Y -Myths and Facts in the Context of Intergenerational Management), a paper prepared for the 2014 Summer School of Management conference.

Table 2
Managerial recommendations -managing the Y Generation