Consumer behavior as a fundamental requirement for eff ective operations of companies

* e aim of this article is to present the evolution of consumer behavior which has occurred for the last few decades. * is process has proceeded by a series of changes in standards of living, which have changed as a result of general development and increasing social awareness stemming from increasing (available) knowledge of this problem. Since consumer behavior and its uniqueness refl ect changes which have occurred over the years, it is of particular importance not only because it shows the process, but also for the sake of this article. It refers to the overall picture of changes that have taken place in societies, stemming from economic, moral, political and social events. * ese phenomena make it possible to observe how they have aff ected the evolution of consumer behavior as far as quality and the frequency of its occurrence are concerned. Technological expansion and other factors resulting from the general development determine changes in consumer behavior which has not occurred so far. * e objective of this article is to present changes in consumer behavior and the nature of this phenomenon.

aimed at preferred consumer behavior needs to be preceded by the analysis of factors which determine this behavior, and the identifi cation of changes in consumer behavior infl uenced by changes in these factors. ( http://zn.mwse.edu.pl/rudnicki-leszek-zachowania-nabywcow-jako-przeslanka-dla-tworzenia-strategii-komunikacji-przedsiebiorstwa-z-rynkiem/)// ). Information concerning the consumer and his/her behavior is indispensable at each stage of the process of designing marketing strategy. is information is used to select a target market segment, product policy, prices, distribution policy and promotion policy. Knowledge of consumer behavior rules is also necessary to formulate company's communication with the market. In this type of communication the knowledge of internal as well as social and cultural determinants of consumer behavior is particularly important 1 .
Research on consumers' market behavior has great epistemological signifi cance. e identifi cation of determinants of consumers' market decisions and their analysis broaden contemporary marketing knowledge. e accurate identifi cation of needs and mechanisms of consumers' market behavior enables enterprises to design marketing activities eff ectively, and to meet customers' requirements (Krakowska Konferencja Młodych Uczonych, p.525, 2008)

CONSUMER AND HIS/HER 'PROVENANCE' AS ENTERPRISES' COMMUNICATIONS STRATEGY
In order to develop the policy of communication with the market, an enterprise needs to have knowledge of social and cultural determinants of consumer behavior. e fact that customers are members of a particular culture or sub-culture generates values and behavior which they accept. ese factors play an important role in formulating the concept of communication. ey also infl uence the choice of media and their role in the process of creating the communication. Media have a vital role in creating consumer behavior. In American and European cultures, contrary to Islamic countries, television is one of the most important media. e choice of medium to be used depends also on consumers' educational background. As far as print advertising is concerned, publications and brochures are aimed at well educated consumers, while outdoor advertising, such as posters, is targeted at less educated consumers (Rudnicki, pp. 203-214, 2011 ).
Consumer's behavior determined by their perception abilities and susceptibility to persuasion may also depend on seemingly unimportant details. Yet, whether a particular message elicits a response or not may depend on a colour or a graphic symbol used in the message. In most countries the colour white symbolizes peace, purity, innocence, but in Pakistan and Japan it is the colour of mourning. e colour green symbolizes hope, cure, freedom, but in Switzerland it is a symbol of something unwanted, immature, while in Malaysia it denotes danger and death one may face in the jungle. erefore, associating a product with an inappropriate colour may result in refusal. Designing marketing activities includes infl uences of reference groups and trend-setters. e identifi cation of the impact force of these factors on buying decisions is significant for establishing communication policy. Considerable infl uence of reference groups or trend-setters on consumer behavior should be used in advertising, which means that representatives of these groups should take part in advertising campaigns. It is particularly important if we want to promote products associated with conspicuous consumption, since buying decisions are determined by a strong infl uence of reference groups and trend-setters ( Rudnicki, pp. 203-214, 2011 ).
Before an advertisement for a particular product is designed, it is necessary to collect information about customers' motivation for buying the product. is knowledge, which is fundamental to consumer behavior, provides guidance as to what tools should be used to persuade customers to buy a particular product. e nature of motivation reveals their susceptibility to being created by modern enterprises. If a consumer is motivated internally by the pleasure he/she takes, it is diffi cult to change this kind of motivation. In such a case the company's objective is to design a suitable advertising campaign aimed at strengthening the customers' motivation. It refers to products relating to consumers' hobbies, and those whose purchase is strongly motivated. On the other hand, external motivation can be shaped by the market. Assuming that a consumer is focused on getting a reward, or attracting attention, competitors may win the customer with eff ective advertising (Rudnicki, pp. 203-14, 2011 ).
Another aspect of consumer behavior which should be taken into consideration while designing an advertising campaign is the division of motivation into rational and emotional motivation. If an advertisement is to concentrate on rational motives, it needs to show the qualities of the product or economical aspects of a purchase. If, however, an advertisement exploits the emotional aspect, it is to evoke a positive attitude towards the advertised product (Rudnicki, pp. 203-214, 2011 ). e level of communication between an enterprise and its customers depends on the quality of perception of advertisements. Companies are aware of the fact that consumers perceive only selected information contained in an advertisement. Consumers select stimuli directed at them, therefore they perceive only some of them. Customers tend to response only to these incentives which refl ect their unfulfi lled, especially current needs. Moreover, consumers are to the same extent attracted to the unspecifi ed, surprising and nonstandard message, i.e. message which contains diff erent incentives, such as sales, intriguing advertisements. Expected incentives are easily accepted. It should be noted that incentives aimed at expected customers are often deformed, because people tend to interpret information according to their opinions and habits. Attracting customers is a diffi cult task, since their perception is subject to their preferences and personal opinions. us sales appeal lies in its originality which lets it stand out among competitive off ers. erefore, appropriately designed message, including elements accepted by the customer, must be the overriding feature of the advertisement (Rudnicki, pp. 203-214, 2011 ).
Although advertising content by defi nition plays an important role in an advertising message, other components of this message, especially those which determine the fi nal advertising message, cannot be disregarded. ese components include the size and shape of advertisements, the use of colours, contrast, movement. Skillful application of these components can dominate the project. If a particular message does not produce expected results, important incentives may be increased by more frequent broadcasts and simultaneous intensifi cation of visual and sound eff ects, or by applying contrast in the initial project (Rudnicki, pp. 203-214, 2011). All determinants create the image of the consumer and consumer behavior on the market. Components mentioned above are guidelines for various determinants which are going to be described below.

VERSATILITY OF CONSUMER BEHAVIOR AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE
Psychological determinants of consumer behavior include motives, the manner of attitude perception, learning, habits and manners, personality, tendency to risk, and lifestyle. Economic determinants of consumer behavior include price, products, income, place of sale and advertising. Social and cultural determinants of consumer behavior comprise a social group, a family, a reference group and trend-setters. ese determinants are external factors which shape consumers' buying behavior. Internal factors comprise personal and demographic determinants, such as sex, education, the stage of family life, income, lifestyle (Karczewska, p.475, 2010 ).
In the age of globalization, the main problem seems to be the diversity of consumer behavior determinants, which are subject to nationality, cultural and religious affi nity. New tendencies in consumer behavior and the emergence of new consumer groups have been observed for a few years. Market economy is customer-oriented, and it puts buyers and consumers in a privileged position. Consumers are privileged to choose among competitive off erings, thus infl uencing the range of products and services on off er, price, promotional activities, logistics in the distribution of products, and determining marketing mix (Karczewska, pp. 475-476, 2010 ).
In the subject literature there are various defi nitions of consumer behavior. Basically it is a set of activities aimed at obtaining, using and managing products and services, as well as decisions taken before purchase. ey include purchasing, possessing and using products. Consumer behavior is manifested by buying products and services to satisfy needs. e act of purchase is a complex process preceded by the act of selection, which has its guidelines. Economic criteria, secured by psychological elements, are important because customer's fi nances are compared to the price of a product or service. e buyer's intention is to move to the expected aspiration level, which is manifested by the needs that have to be satisfi ed by purchased products. Consumer behavior can be explained by the description of consumer's internal responses to diff erent incentives and their individual perception, since such situations trigger various behaviors during the buying process (Karczewska, p. 476, 2010 ).
is behavior is therefore divided into rational and irrational. e former is understood as internally coherent behavior resulting in maximum satisfaction. e buyer behaves rationally if s/he uses the available income to purchase goods which will bring him/her maximum satisfaction. Irrational consumer behavior is characterized by incoherent behavior of the consumer, who consciously takes buying decisions that may not be in their best interest. Irrational buying decisions do not result from cold calculation, but rather from the need for imitation, incentives, snobbery, and subconscious motivation. e buyer is often unaware of these dependencies (Rudnicki, 2004). It has to be remembered that this behavior is aff ected by conditions which determine the buying decision process. As has been mentioned, consumer behavior is determined by various factors (among others, economic, social and cultural), but it is also aff ected by accidental factors. e number of causative factors makes buying decisions diffi cult to predict. All determinants of behavior, however, accumulate in a great number of cases thus becoming regular determinants. Customers' needs, which are external determinants, aff ect consumer bahaviour. Although some needs are prioritized and are a reference point for dividing them into levels of importance, this fact does not motivate the importance of needs and does not off er guidelines as to which need should be satisfi ed fi rst. Taking the above information into account, an American psychologist Abraham Maslow developed the hierarchy of needs. According to this theory, satisfying the need which is at the lower level in the hierarchy, and at the same time more important, is necessary to have another need, which is less important, emerged at the higher level in the hierarchy (Karczewska, p. 476, 2010 )

ALTERNATIVES OF CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR
Every decision, as well as every activity of a human being is motivated by stimuli, which determine the direction and the objective. Activities triggered by incentives are generated on the basis of the system of needs. Motivation is a group of factors which stimulate deliberate actions. As far as motivation of the buyer is concerned, the product off ered by the market is the focal point. Most often this process includes a few motives. For example, a decision to buy two cars in one family may infl uenced by diff erent reasons. One car can be used to drive to work, and the other may be a symbol of a high social status of the family. People may behave diff erently because of the same reasons. A hungry person may either buy products to prepare a meal, or go to a restaurant, thus the same motive, i.e. hunger, triggers two diff erent kinds of behavior. Consumer behavior is therefore subject to the way in which an individual perceives the outside world. In the 21 st century consumers are aware of and learn about products thanks to packaging, promotions, advertisements, and contacts with other customers. If the seller has knowledge of manners of perception, s/he can communicate with consumers. Producers and salespeople control mechanisms of decision making by referring to consumers' senses, i.e. eyesight, sense of touch, sense of smell, hearing, taste (Karczewska, pp. 477-478, 2010 ).
Attitude can be described as evaluation of expected results of using a particular product. In marketing, objects of reference comprise services, merchandise, commercial marks, shops, prices, etc. Attitude towards the very object may be manifested by feelings and emotions, which accompany the object of attitude, possessed evaluating perception, as well as tendencies for particular behavior. Information plays an important role in shaping consumers' attitudes, because it is very diffi cult to infl uence the attitudes of these consumers who have a lot of information about the object. When the consumer knows exactly the qualities and virtues, but also defectiveness of a given product/brand and has a negative opinion of it, it is extremely diffi cult to persuade him/her to buy the product/brand. A consumer who has limited negative information will behave diff erently. e attitude may be changed when the characteristics of a subject are modifi ed. A group of people, after having received information contradictory to their attitudes, becomes more willing to connote this information and to change their initial attitude. is change has been aff ected by the nature of the attitude towards the object the information refers to, and by the nature of the situation when the information is passed on. Behavior is also shaped by personality. Personality traits attributed to every human being are manifested by four temperaments: choleric, sanguine, melancholic, and phlegmatic. Self-confi dence and tendency for risk taking are equally important traits which infl uence personality. All this refers to a set of individual personality traits and ways of behavior which can be used to describe basic forms of human behavior (Karczewska, pp. 477-478, 2010).
Consumer behavior is also changed by the learning process, i.e. as a result of buyer's previous experiences. It should be remembered, however, that not every change stems from learning. It can result from natural processes in a human body, e.g. puberty, ageing, as well as temporary changes. Learning results in a relatively permanent change. While learning people develop abilities to respond appropriately to new situations. e so-called models of behavior/ ways of solving problems are formed then. When a buyer purchases a new product s/he learns how to make a good choice, which is confi rmed by the reward, i.e. satisfaction he/she takes from the purchase, or s/he learns by 'trial and error.' When a customer has made a wrong decision and is dissatisfi ed with the purchase, s/he will buy another product which will trigger diff erent feelings. It is therefore impossible to buy the same wrong product again. If, on the other hand, a customer is satisfi ed with the product, s/he will probably buy it again. e situation may be diff erent when a customer buys a product of a diff erent brand but with similar properties out of curiosity. Yet such a situation leads to generalization. In marketing generalization is used on a large scale, especially when establishing domestic brands. It is commonly believed that a consumer who is satisfi ed with the product after its purchase and while using it, is willing to buy products of the same brand., e.g. if one is satisfi ed with Sharp television set, s/he will probably buy other products of the same company (Karczewska, p. 478, 2010 ).
Habits which form consumer behavior are activities frequently repeated according to a fi xed pattern. Habits sometimes determine consumer behaviour. Together with automatic/habitual activities, i.e. activities which always happen and are repeated, there are also activities which predict readiness to undertake a particular activity, with an option of adapting it to changeable conditions and situations in which they can be done. e latter form of activity is called a skill. It is more complex than a habit, which has already been described, because it is subject to superior guidelines. As a rule habits lead to the emergence of customs, i.e. common patterns of behavior in a particular situation. Drinking tea at a fi xed time is an individual habit.
Shopping once a week on a particular day is an example of a habit characteristic to a given social group. It is worth noticing that customs have to be accepted by the society, while habits do not have to, moreover, they can be unaccepted by the society at all. Customs are relatively permanent. eir position depends on whether they are handed down to subsequent generations (Karczewska, pp.478-479, 2010 ).
Taking buying decisions is risky, especially if the decision is taken for the fi rst time. First purchase entails the risk of a wrong decision, which may result in losses. Risk is a kind of uncertainty that consumers face when they are not able to predict important and potential consequences of a purchase. ence the anxiety relating to the purchase is strictly subjective and closely connected with psychology. us, it is an internal determinant of consumer behaviour ( Karczewska, p. 479, 2010 ).
Determinants of consumer behavior described in the article show that nowadays the process of taking buying decisions is, apart from economic factors, determined by psychological, cultural, and demographic aspects. For many years attention was focused on materials, machines, money and personnel. In the last few years this hierarchy has considerably changed. Consumers and their needs are a priority. Changes which have taken place in world markets as a result of globalization, technological progress and the spread of companies outside the domestic market generate changes in the structure and ways of consumption of individual buyers. (Karczewska, p. 483, 2010 ). e spread of new media forces companies to undertake activities aimed at satisfying customers' expectations. Today it is easier to create a new need than to satisfy the existing one. We are witnessing a revolution in the process of communication (Brand Medicine, p.3, 2001 ).

CONCLUSIONS
Consumer behaviour has evolved over the years. It is becoming a special phenomenon of unique quality thanks to access to knowledge, which is a measurable source of progress. Consumer behavior is a novelty as far as buyers' behavior is concerned, and it is attracting growing interest from researchers. It is characterized by great fl exibility and susceptibility to changes. Sometimes consumer behavior meets these changes halfway, thus forcing companies to act accordingly. Buyers' behavior results from their attitudes triggered by developmental tendencies of today's world. Increasingly demanding customers are characterized by special buying behavior which eff ective enterprises must tackle. Versatility of this phenomenon which is aff ected by various factors described in this article is a separate issue in companies' strategies. Today consumer behavior is a starting point for their activities. Company's success often depends on consumer behavior. e ability to predict consumer behavior is very important, since it allows a company to control the consumer and his/her activities. Since the development of consumer behavior is an ongoing process, it is diffi cult to form unequivocal opinions about its future.