Abstract
High Affinity Scorpion Toxins for Studying Potassium and Sodium Channels
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
REFERENCES
Tsetlin, V. (1999) Snake a-neurotoxins and other “three finger” proteins. Eur. J. Biochem. 264, 281–286.
Possani, L. D., Becerril, B., Delepierre, M., and Tytgat, J. (1999) Scorpion toxins specific for Na+-channels. Eur. J. Biochem. 264, 287–300.
MacIntosh, J. M., Olivera, B. M., and Cruz, L. J. (1999) Conus peptides as probes for ion channels. Methods Enzymol. 294, 605–624.
Kem, W., Pennington, M. W., and Norton, R. S. (1999) Sea anemone toxins as templates for the desighn of immunosuppressant drugs. Perspectives Drug Disc. Design 15/16, 111–129.
Grishin, E. (1999) Polypeptide neurotoxins from spider venoms. Eur. J. Biochem. 264, 276–280.
Garcia, M. L., Hanner, M., Knaus, H. G., Koch, R., Schmalhofer, W., Slaughter, R. S., and Kaczorowski, G. J. (1997) Pharmacology of potassium channels. Adv. Pharmacol. 39, 425–471.
Catterall, W. A. (1980) Neurotoxins that act on voltage sensitive sodium channels in excitable membranes. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 20, 15–43.
Gordon, D., Savarin, P., Gurevitz, M., and Zinn-Justin, S. (1998) Functional anatomy of scorpion toxins affecting sodium channels. J. Toxicol. Toxin Rev. 17(2), 131–159.
Possani, L. D., Selisko, B., and Gurrola, G. B. (1999) Structure and function of scorpion toxins affecting K+-channel. Perspectives Drug Disc. Design 15/16, 15–40.
Tytgat, J., Chandy, G., Garcia, M. L., Gutman, G. A., Martin-Eauclaire, M. F., van derWalt, J. J., and Possani, L. D. (1999) A unified nomenclature for shortchain peptides isolated from scorpion venoms: alpha-KTx molecular subfamilies. Trends Physiol. Sci. 20, 444–447.
Debin, J. A., Maggio, J. E., and Strichartz, G. R. (1993) Purification and characterization of chlorotoxin, a chloride channel ligand from the venom of the scorpion. Am. J. Physiol. 264 (Cell Physiol. 33) C361–C369.
Valdivia, H. H. and Possani, L. D. (1998) Peptide toxins as probes of ryanodine receptor. Trends Cardiovascular Med. 8, 111–118.
D∫uze, G., Zamudio, F., Gomez-Lagunas, F., and Possani, L. D. (1999) A novel K+ channel blocking toxin from Tityus discrepans scorpion venom. FEBS Lett. 456, 146–148.
Gurrola, G. B., Rosati, B., Roccheti, M., Pimienta, G., Zaza, A., Arcangeli, A., et al. (1999) A toxin to nervous, cardiac, and endocrine ERG K+ channels isolated from Centruroides noxius scorpion venom. FASEB J. 13, 953–962.
Chuang, R. S. I., Jaffe, H., Cribbe, L., Perez-Reyes, E., and Swartz, K. J. (1998) Inhibition of T-type voltage-gated calcium channels by a new scorpion toxin. Nature Neurosci. 1, 668–674.
Vazquez, A., Tapia, J. V., Eliason, W. K., Martin, B. M., Lebreton, F., Delepierre, M., et al. (1995) Cloning and characterization of the cDNAs encoding Na+ channel specific toxins 1 and 2 of the scorpion Centruroides noxius Hoffmann. Toxicon 33, 1161–1170.
Dauplais, M., Gilquin, B., Possani, L. D., Gurrola-Briones, G., Roumestand, C., and Menez, A. (1995) Determination of the three-dimensional solution structure of noxiustoxin: analysis of structural differences with related shortchain scorpion toxins. Biochemistry 34, 16,563–16,573.
Lebreton, F., Ramirez, A. N., Balderas, C., Possani L. D., and Delepierre, M. (1994) Primary and NMR three-dimensional structure determination of a novel crustacean toxin from the venom of the scorpion Centruroides limpidus limpidus Karsch. Biochemistry 33(37), 11,135–11,149.
Schütte, C. G., Lemm, T., Glombitza, G. J., and Sandhoff, K. (1998) Complete localization of disulfide bonds in GM2 activator protein. Protein Sci. 7, 1039–1045.
Jover, E., Couraud, F., and Rochat, H. (1980) Two types of scorpion neurotoxins characterized by their binding to two separate receptor sites on rat brain synaptosomes. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 95(4), 1607–1614.
Zlotkin, E., Gurevitz, M., Fowler, E., and Adams, M. E. (1993) Depressant insect selective neurotoxins from scorpion venom: chemistry, action and gene cloning. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol 22, 55–73.
Kobayashi, Y., Takashima, H., Tamaoki, H., Kiogoku, Y., Lambert, P., Kuroda, H., et al. (1991) The cysteine-stabilized alpha-helix: a common structural motif of ion-channel blocking neurotoxic peptides. Biopolymers 31, 1213–1220.
Menez, A., Bontems, F., Roumestand, C., Gilquin, B., and Toma, F. (1992) Structural basis for functional diversity of animal toxins. Proc. Royal Soc. Edinburgh 99B, 83–103.
Oren, D. A., Froy, O., Amit, E., Kleinberger-Doron, V., Gurevitz, M., and Shaanan, B. (1998) An excitatory scorpion toxin with a distinctive feature: an additional helix at the C-terminus and its implications for interaction with insect sodium channels. Structure 6, 10,995–11,003.
Fontecilla-Camps, J. C., Almassy, R. J., Suddath, F. L., Watt, D. D., and Bugg, C. E. (1980) Three-dimensional structure of a protein from scorpion venom: a new structural class of neurotoxins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77(11), 6496–6500.
Polikarpov, I., Matilde Jr M. S., Marangoni, S., Toyama, M. H., and Teplyakov, A. (1999) Crystal structure of neurotoxin Ts1 from tityus serrulatus provides insights into the specificity and toxicity of scorpion toxins. J. Mol. Biol. 290, 175–184.
Darbon, H., Weber, C., and Braun W. (1991) Two-dimensional 1H nuclear magnetic resonance study of AaH IT, an anti-insect toxin from the scorpion Androctonus australis Hector. Sequential resonance assignments and folding of the polypeptide chain. Biochemistry 30(7), 1836–1845.
Pintar, A., Possani, L. D., and Delepierre, M. (1999) Solution structure of toxin 2 from Centruroides noxius Hoffmann, a β scorpion neurotoxin acting on sodium channel. J. Mol. Biol. 287, 359–365.
Fontecilla-Camps, J. C., Almassy, R. J., Suddath, F. L., and Bugg, C. E. (1982) The three-dimensional structure scorpion neurotoxins. Toxicon 20, 1–7.
Fontecilla-Camps, J. C, Habersetzer-Rochat, C., and Rochat, H. (1988) Orthorhombic crystals and three-dimensional structure of the potent toxin II from the scorpion Androctonus australis Hector. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85, 7443–7447.
He, X-L, Li, H. M., Zeng, Z. H., Liu, X-Q, Wang, M., and Wang, D. C. (1999) Crystal structure of two α-like scorpion toxins: non proline cis peptide bonds and implications for new binding site selectivity on the sodium channel. J. Mol. Biol. 292, 125–135.
Delepierre, M., Prochnika-Chalufour, A., and Possani, L. D. (1997) A novel potassium channel blocking toxin from the scorpion Pandinus imperator: a 1H NMR analysis using a nano-NMR probe. Biochemistry 36, 2649–2658.
Park, C. S. and Miller, C. (1992) Mapping function to structure in a channelblocking peptide: electrostatic mutants of charybdotoxin. Biochemistry 31, 7749–7755.
Bontems, F., Roumestand, C., Gilquin, B., Menez, A., and Toma, F. (1991) Refined structure of charybdotoxin: common motifs in scorpion toxins and insect defensins. Science 254, 1521–1523.
Bonmatin, J. M., Bonnat, J. L., Gallet, X., Vovelle, F., Ptak, M., Reichhart, J. M., et al. (1992) Two-dimensional 1H NMR study of recombinant insect defensin A in water: resonance assignments, secondary structure and global folding. J. Biomol. NMR 2, 235–256.
Krezel, A. M., Kasibhatla, C., Hidalgo, P., MacKinnon, R., and Wagner, G. (1995) Solution structure of the potassium channel inhibitor agitoxin 2: caliper for probing channel geometry. Protein Sci. 4, 1478–1489.
Delepierre, M., Prochnika-Chalufour, A., Boisbouvier, J., and Possani, L. D. (1999) Pi7, an orphan peptide from the scorpion Pandinus imperator: a 1H NMR analysis using a nano-NMR probe. Biochemistry 38, 16,756–16,765.
Becerril, B., Marangoni, S., and Possani, L. D. (1997) Toxins and genes isolated from scorpions of the genus Tityus. Toxicon 35, 821–835.
Fernandez, I., Romi, R., Szendeffy, S., Martin-Eauclaire, M. F., Rochat, H., Van Rietschoten, J., et al. (1994) Kaliotoxin (1-37) shows structural differences with related potassium channel blockers. Biochemistry 33, 14,256–14,263.
Adam, K. R., Schmidt, H., Stampfli, R., and Weiss, C. (1966) The effect of scorpion venom on single myelinated nerve fibers of the frog. Br. J. Pharmacol. 26, 666–677.
Koppenhoeffer, E. and Schmidt, H. (1968) Die wirkung von skorpiongift auf die ionenstrome des Ranvierschen schnurrings. II. Unvollstandige natrium inaktivierung. Pfluegers Arch. Ges. Physiol. 303, 150–161.
Meves, H., Rubly, N., and Watt, D. D. (1982) Effect of toxins from the venom of the scorpion Centruroides sculpturatus on the Na currents of the node of Ranvier. Pfluegers Arch. 393, 56–62.
Nonner, W. (1979) Effects of Leiurus scorpion venom on the “gating” current in myelinated nerve. Adv. Cytopharmacol. 3, 345–352.
Benoit, E. and Dubois, J. M. (1987) Properties of maintained sodium current induced by a toxin from Androctonus scorpion in frog node of Ranvier. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 383, 93–114.
Strichartz, G. R. and Wang, G. K. (1986) Rapid voltage-dependent dissociation of scorpion alpha-toxins coupled to Na channel inactivation in amphibian myelinated nerves. J. Gen. Physiol. 88, 413–435.
Meves, H., Simard, J. M., and Watt, D. D. (1986) Interactions of scorpion toxins with the sodium channel. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 479, 113–132.
Katz, N. L. and Edwards, C. (1972) The effect of scorpion venom on the neuromuscular junction of the frog. Toxicon 10, 133–137.
Cahalan, M. D. (1975) Modification of sodium channel gating in frog myelinated nerve fibers by Centruroides sculpturatus scorpion venom. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 244, 511–534.
Couraud, F., Jover, E., Dubois, J. M., and Rochat, H. (1982) Two types of scorpion receptor sites, one related to the activation, the other to the inactivation of the action potential sodium channel. Toxicon 20(1), 9–16.
Hue, S. L., Meves, H., Rubly, N., and Watt, D. D. (1983) A quantitative study of the action of Centruroides sculpturatus toxins III and IV on the Na currents of the node of Ranvier. Pfluegers Arch. 397, 90–99.
Vijverberg, H. P., Pauron, D., and Lazdunski, M. (1984) The effect of Tityus serrulatus scorpion toxin gamma on Na channels in neuroblastoma cells. Pfluegers Arch. 401, 297–303.
Cestele, S., Qu, Y., Rogers, J. C., Rochat, H., Scheuer, T., and Catterall, W. A. (1998) Voltage sensor-trapping: enhanced activation of sodium channels by beta-scorpion toxin bound to the S3-S4 loop domain II. Neuron 21, 919–931.
Wang, G. W. and Strichartz, G. (1982) Simultaneous modifications of sodium channel gating by two scorpion toxins. Biophys. J. 40, 174–179.
Chandy, K. G. and Gutman, G. A. (1995) Voltage-gated potassium channel genes, in Ligand-and Voltage-Gated Ion Channels (North, R. A., ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 1–71.
Kaczorowski, G.J., Knaus, H. G., Leonard, R. J., McManus, O. B., and Garcia, M. L. (1996) High conductance calcium-activated potassium channels; structure, pharmacology and function. J. Biomembr. Bioenerg. 28, 253–265.
Goldstein, S. A. N. and Miller, C. (1993) Mechanism of charybdotoxin block of a voltage-gated K channel. Biophys. J. 65, 1613–1619.
Goldstein, S. A. N., Pheasant, D. J., and Miller, C. (1994) The charybdotoxin receptor of a Shaker K channel: peptide and channel residues mediating molecular recognition. Neuron 12, 1377–1388.
Becerril, B., Corona, M., Garcia, C., Bolivar, F., and Possani, L. D. (1995) Cloning of genes encoding scorpion toxins: an interpretative review. J. Toxicol. Toxin Rev. 14, 339–357.
Froy, O., Sagiv, T., Poreh, M., Urbach, D., Zilberberg, N., and Gurevitz, M. (1999) Dynamic diversification from a putative common ancestor of scorpion toxins affecting, sodium, potassium and chloride channels. J. Mol. Evol. 48, 187–196.
Martin-Eauclaire, M. F., Ceard, B., Ribeiro, A. M., Diniz, C. R., Rochat, H., and Bougis, P. E. (1994) Biochemical, pharmacological and genomic characterization of TsIV, an alpha-toxin from the venom of the South American scorpion Tityus serrulatus. FEBS Lett. 342, 181–184.
Legros, C., Bougis, P. E. and Martin-Eauclaire, M. F. (1997) Genomic organization of the KTX2 gene, encoding a “short” scorpion toxin active on K+ channels. FEBS Lett. 402, 45–49.
Wu, J. J., Dai, L., Lan, Z. D., and Chi, C. W. (1999) Genomic organization of three neurotoxins active on small conductance Ca2+-activated potassium channels from the scorpion Buthus martensii Karsch. FEBS Lett. 452, 360–364.
Selisko, B., Garcia, C., Becerril, B., Gómez-Lagunas, F., Garay, C., and Possani, L. D. (1998) Cobatoxins 1 and 2 from Centruroides noxius Hoffmann constitute a subfamily of potassium-channel-blocking scorpion toxins. Eur. J. Biochem. 254, 468–479.
Zhu, S., Li, W., Zeng, X., Jiang, D., Mao, X., and Liu, H. (1999) Molecular cloning and sequencing of two “short chain” and two “long chain” K+ channelblocking peptides from the Chinese scorpion Buthus martensii Karsch. FEBS Lett. 457, 509–514.
Legros, C., Ceard, B., Bougis, P. E., and Martin-Eauclaire, M. F. (1998) Evidence for a new class of scorpion toxins active against K+ channels. FEBS Lett. 431, 375–380.
Schweitz, H. and Moinier, D, (1999) Mamba toxins. Perspectives Drug Disc. Design 15/16, 83–110.
Craig, A. G., Bandyopadhyay, P., and Olivera, B. (1999) Post-translationally modified neuropeptides from Conus venoms. Eur. J. Biochem. 264, 271–275.
Olivera, B. M., Rivier, J., Clark, C., Ramilo, C. A., Corpuz, G. P., Abogadie, F. C., et al. (1990) Diversity of Conus neuropeptide. Science 249, 257–263.
Beress, L., Beress, R., and Wunderer, G. (1975) Isolation and characterization of three polypeptides with neurotoxic activity from Anemonia sulcata. FEBS Lett. 50, 311–314.
Swartz, K. J. and MacKinon, R. (1997) Hanatoxin modifies the gating of a voltage-dependent K+-channel through multiple binding sites. Neuron 18, 665–673.
Newcomb, R., Szoke, B., Palma, A., Wang, G., Chen Xh, Hopkins, W., et al. (1998) Selective peptide antoganist of the class E calcium channel from the venom of the tarantula Hysterocrates gigas. Biochemistry 37, 15,353–15,362.
Carabez-Trejo, A. and Possani, L. D. (1982) Electron microscopic evidence for scorpion toxin binding to synapses of rat brain cortex. Neurosci. Lett. 32, 103–108.
Zamudio, F. Z., Gurrola, G. B., Arévalo, C., Sreekumar, R., Walker, J. W., Valdivia, H. H., and Possani, L. D. (1997) Primary structure and synthesis of Imperatoxin A (IpTxa), a peptide activator of Ca2+ release channels/ryanodine receptors. FEBS Lett. 405, 385–389.
Gurrola, G. B. and Possani, L. D. (1995) Structural and functional features of noxiustoxin: a K+ channel blocker. Biochem. Mol. Biol. Int. 37, 527–535.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2001 Humana Press Inc., Totowa, NJ
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Possani, L.D., Becerril, B., Tytgat, J., Delepierre, M. (2001). High Affinity Scorpion Toxins for Studying Potassium and Sodium Channels. In: Lopatin, A.N., Nichols, C.G. (eds) Ion Channel Localization. Methods in Pharmacology and Toxicology. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-118-3:145
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-118-3:145
Publisher Name: Humana Press
Print ISBN: 978-0-89603-833-2
Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-118-3
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols