Plasma metabolomic analysis indicates flavonoids and sorbic acid are associated with incident diabetes: A nested case-control study among Women’s Interagency HIV Study participants
Fig 1
Comparing metabolomic profiles by DM case and control (FBG-matched, normoglycemic) groups among WIHS 1 participants (n = 51), based on data from C18 (positive ESI).
A: Hierarchical clustering heatmap was based on calculated Euclidean distances as the similarity index with Ward’s linkage as the agglomeration method (clustering based on minimizing sum of squares between any two clusters). Log2-normalized relative abundance of metabolomic features are represented in rows; study groups of participants are indicated in columns. DM cases are indicated in red (n = 17), FBG-matched controls in green (n = 17), and normoglycemic controls in blue (n = 17). B: Supervised dimensionality reduction was conducted by PLS-DA, in order to visualize clustering across metabolomic features. Study groups are represented as Δ (DM cases), + (FBG-matched controls), and X (normoglycemic controls). Abbreviations: DM, diabetes mellitus; ESI, electrospray ionization; FBG, fasting blood glucose; PLS-DA, partial least squares discriminant analysis; WIHS, Women’s Interagency HIV Study.