Intradermal injection of lidocaine with a microneedle device to provide rapid local anaesthesia for peripheral intravenous cannulation: A randomised open-label placebo-controlled clinical trial
Fig 4
Mean estimates of VAS scores with corresponding 95% confidence intervals for pain experienced by the subjects after cannulations preceded by the lidocaine injection (MJ-Lido vs MJ-Saline and MJ-Lido vs No pretreatment groups (red bar), saline injection (MJ-Lido vs MJ-Saline group, green bar), or performed without any pretreatment (MJ-Lido vs No pretreatment group, blue bar).