SARS-CoV-2 viral proteins NSP1 and NSP13 inhibit interferon activation through distinct mechanisms
Fig 1
IRF3 nuclear translocation during SARS-CoV-2 infection of Calu-3 lung epithelial cells.
(A) Representative image of Calu-3 cells at 16, 24, and 48 hours post SARS-CoV-2 infection (MOI 0.5) immunostained with anti-nucleocapsid SARS-CoV-2 (green) and anti-IRF3 (red). Nuclei are counterstained with DAPI (blue). White arrows point to neighboring cells that are activated for IRF3 transcription. Light blue arrows point to infected cells that are activated for IRF3 transcription. Scale bar: 100 μm. (B) Quantification of images from (A) with cells positive for SARS-CoV-2 that had nuclear translocation of IRF3. Data are displayed as mean ± SD (n = 5 images counted with at least 50 cells per image). Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA; ****p < 0.0001, ***p < 0.001.