Ecological restoration of agricultural land can improve its contribution to economic development
Fig 3
Ecosystem service (ES) provision summarized at the landscape scale, for each of the different scenarios, and including values for the 1930s as a historic reference.
Values for 2015 are equivalent to the BAU scenario. (3a) (a) carbon sequestration and storage, (b) arable crop production, (c) nutrient (nitrogen) export, (d) nutrient retention, (e) recreation value (assessed as visitation rate), (f) water yield, (3b) (a) habitat quality for pollinators, (b) biodiversity value, using index for BAP species, (c) soil quality, (d) livestock production, (cows, poultry, sheep, pigs), (e) aesthetic value (CPRE index), (f) timber production, (g) flood mitigation.