Identification of intra-abdominal lymphatics in canine carcasses by laparoscopic fluorescence lymphography with intradermal and intrapopliteal ICG administration
Fig 5
Left medial iliac lymph node (MILN) during laparoscopic lymphadenectomy without (A) and with (B) near-infrared fluorescence filtering in carcass 1 (C1). In C2, while the left MILN is not stained (C) but communication lymphatic vessels between the right and left MILN are stained (D). In C6, the right internal iliac lymph node (IILNR) was located by laparoscopic visualization (E, dotted circumference) but was not stained. In C5, the IILNR was stained following intrapopliteal (IPP) administration of indocyanine green (ICG) (F), allowing its localization and lymphadenectomy by laparoscopy (G). In C6, the caudal vena cava (H) was stained (I) after IPP ICG administration. C2 was the only carcass in which the thoracic duct (J) was stained (K) by ICG. Laparoscopic fluorescence lymphography (LFL) using ICG allows easy identification of the thoracic duct (L and M) for occlusion by titanium clips. DI = diaphragm.