Multidimensional mechanics: Performance mapping of natural biological systems using permutated radar charts
Fig 3
Multidimensional mechanics of structural biological materials.
Normalized, permutated radar charts comparing four structural classes of natural materials (see Box 1). Legend (units): elastic and shear moduli, E and G (GPa); strain to failure, ε (%); tensile, compressive and flexural strength, σT, σC and σF (MPa); toughness, uT (MJ·m-3) or uT* (kJ·m-2); fracture toughness, KIC (MPa·m1/2); resilience, uR (%); damping loss factor, tan δ (no units); hardness, H (MPa); impact strength, IS (kJ·m-2). Notes: Data averages (lines) and standard deviations/errors/ranges (shaded regions) are listed in S1–S4 Tables, compiled from numerous sources (see Supporting Information); for reference, maximum values of each average property are displayed on the axes.