http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0609-8817
Figures
Abstract
Background
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) molecular analysis is performed to assess the responsiveness to Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (TKIs) in patients with Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC). The existence of molecular intra-tumoral heterogeneity has been observed in lung cancers. The aim of the present study is to investigate if the percentage of mutated neoplastic cells within the tumor sample might influence the responsiveness to TKIs treatment.
Material and methods
A total of 931 cases of NSCLC were analyzed for EGFR mutational status (exon 18, 19, 20, 21) using Next Generation Sequencer. The percentage of mutated neoplastic cells was calculated after normalizing the percentage of mutated alleles obtained after next generation sequencer analysis with the percentage of neoplastic cells in each tumor.
Results
Next generation sequencing revealed an EGFR mutation in 167 samples (17.9%), mainly deletions in exon 19. In 18 patients treated with TKIs and with available follow-up, there was a significant correlation between the percentage of mutated neoplastic cells and the clinical response (P = 0.017). Patients with a percentage of mutated neoplastic cells greater than 56%, have a statistical trend (P = 0.081) for higher Overall Survival (26.3 months) when compared to those with a rate of mutated neoplastic cells lower than 56% (8.2 months).
Citation: de Biase D, Genestreti G, Visani M, Acquaviva G, Di Battista M, Cavallo G, et al. (2017) The percentage of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR)-mutated neoplastic cells correlates to response to tyrosine kinase inhibitors in lung adenocarcinoma. PLoS ONE 12(5): e0177822. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0177822
Editor: Giancarlo Troncone, Universita degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, ITALY
Received: January 31, 2017; Accepted: May 3, 2017; Published: May 16, 2017
Copyright: © 2017 de Biase et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.
Funding: This work was supported in part by an Italian Government-Ministero della Salute (http://www.salute.gov.it/portale/p5_11.jsp) [Grant No. RF-2011-02350857 to G.T]; in part by an Italian Government-Ministero della Salute (http://www.salute.gov.it/portale/p5_11.jsp) [Grant No. GR‐2011‐02350937 to D.d.B]. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
The adenocarcinoma tumor subtype accounts for about the 40% of all Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) [1]. Molecular tests, such as analysis of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) mutations (exons 18, 19, 20, 21) and Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase (ALK) fusion gene, are prescribed in non-squamous NSCLC to determine the responsiveness to Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (TKIs) or ALK inhibitors, respectively [2]. EGFR mutations are approximately present in 10% of lung adenocarcinoma in Caucasian population [3–12] and TKIs based therapy is strongly recommended as first-line treatment in presence of these gene markers [13–22].
For this reason, EGFR mutations are crucial biomarkers to select patients for TKIs based treatment, and guidelines for molecular diagnosis have been outlined by oncologic societies both in Europe and in the United States [2, 23]. The greater part of all activating mutations that confer sensitivity to TKI (up to 80–90%) are either deletions in EGFR exon 19 or the p.L858R mutation (exon 21), but a variety of activating EGFR mutations can also occur (e.g. p.G719X in exon 18) [23].
Patients with non-squamous NSCLC harboring EGFR activating mutations or clinical features that suggest their presence, have been enrolled in randomized clinical trials where TKIs were compared to platinum-based chemotherapy in first-line treatment settings: results have clearly shown that TKIs improve prognosis and quality of life of patients when compared to traditional chemotherapy [13–18].
In spite of the high clinical evidence to employ TKIs (afatinib, erlotinib and gefitinib) in the early phases of the treatment of patients with advanced NSCLC harboring sensitive mutations, the duration of the clinical response is variable, and about 20% of patients undergoes tumor progression during TKI therapy. Well known explanations for this “resistance” are: i) molecular alterations in genes other than EGFR (e.g additional mutations downstream of EGFR along the MAPK/Kinase pathway) [24]; ii) mutations of EGFR conferring resistance (e.g EGFR p.T790M) [25]. An additional explanation may be the EGFR mutation heterogeneity within the tumor [22]. In this last instance, assessment of EGFR mutation heterogeneity in NSCLC may recognize those patients with EGFR mutations that might benefit most from TKI therapy. Next Generation Sequencing (NGS), that allows quantitative assessment of mutated alleles performed in lung [26, 27], gastrointestinal tract [28], pancreatic [29, 30], thyroid [31, 32], and renal tumors [33], has demonstrated the existence of heterogeneity of the driving molecular alterations, not only within the primary tumor, but also between the primary and its metastasis [29, 31]. Recently, Bria et al. showed a relevant relationship between the heterogeneity of EGFR mutations in NSCLC and duration of clinical response after TKI treatment: patients with a high proportion of EGFR mutated alleles responded better to TKIs [26].
This study investigates for the first time whether, not only the frequency of EGFR mutated allele, but also the percentage of EGFR mutated neoplastic cells has an influence on the response to TKIs.
Material and methods
Overall, a total of 931 cases of NSCLC were analyzed for EGFR mutational status (exons 18, 19, 20, 21) (Fig 1).
To address if EGFR mutation heterogeneity could influence the response to TKIs, the percentage of EGFR-mutated alleles was evaluated using a high sensitive approach (NGS: 454 GS-Junior, Roche), previously used to quantify mutated allele percentages of tumor samples.
All the samples were collected as part of routine diagnostic protocols and retrieved from the archives of Anatomic Pathology of Bellaria-Maggiore Hospitals (Azienda USL Bologna, Italy) and collected during routine clinical care.
Biological assessment was performed in the Molecular Diagnostic Unit, Azienda USL di Bologna. Diagnoses were centrally reviewed by two pathologists (AC, GT) and classified according to WHO criteria [1]. In 18 cases with advanced NSCLC with mutated EGFR treated in first-line with TKIs (15 with erlotinib and 3 with gefitinib) follow-up (FU) data was available because patients have been referred to Medical Oncology Bellaria Hospital (AUSL Bologna, Italy) (Fig 1).
The study was approved by Ethic Committee of Azienda Sanitaria Locale di Bologna (number of study CE 16013, protocol number 234/CE of 22nd March 2016, Bologna, Italy). The ethics committee waived the requirement for patient written consent. EGFR mutational analysis is part of the routine diagnostic workup of patients with NSCLC lesions treated at Azienda USL di Bologna and by necessity the authors had access to information identifying the patients. All information regarding the human material used in the study was managed using anonymous numerical codes.
EGFR mutational analysis
DNA was extracted starting from one or two cytological smears (depending on the total amount of neoplastic cells in the analyzed specimens) and from one or two 10μm-thick FFPE slides. Area of interest was scraped using a sterile blade according to the pathologist selection.
DNA from cytological smears was extracted using Epicentre MasterPure DNA purification kit (Epicentre, Madison, WI, USA) according to manufacturer’s indications. DNA from FFPE samples was extracted using the QuickExtract DNA Extraction Solution (Epicentre, Madison, WI, USA).
EGFR analysis was performed using previously described primers and protocol.[27] In 129 (77.2%) specimens also KRAS (exons 2 and 3) mutational analysis was performed, as previously described [34, 35]. Only nucleotide variations observed in both strands were considered for mutational call. Ambiguous base calls associated to stretches of homopolymers four-base-pair or longer were not considered mutated due to the limitations of the pyrosequencing chemistry that is used by 454-NGS [36]. Based on previously published data [27, 37], we established as criteria to define a sample mutated the identification of the mutation in at least 10 reads and in at least 1% of the total number of reads analyzed.
Percentage of mutated neoplastic cells
The proportion of neoplastic cells was expressed as a percentage after evaluation by two pathologists (AC, GT). As the estimate of this percentage is critical for the study it was carefully analyzed as follows. Two types of specimens were analyzed: formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissue specimens and Papanicolau (PAP) stained cytology slide smears obtained after fine needle aspiration of the tumor mass. For FFPE specimens, the tumor area marked on the hematoxylin and eosin (HE) section used as DNA extraction control was evaluated microscopically. As this control section was the last cut after four 10um-thick sections, the proportion of neoplastic cells was also evaluated on the original HE section used for the histopathological diagnosis. The tumor cell percentage difference between these two HE sections was always <10%, and the area marked on the DNA extraction control HE to guide the selection of the material scraped for DNA analysis was used to evaluate the percentage of neoplastic cells.
For PAP stained cytology slides, the percentage of neoplastic cells was evaluated on the entire surface area marked to scrape cellular material for DNA analysis.
To avoid the bias due to the larger size of tumor cells, the microscopic analysis of tumor cell content was always based on the evaluation of tumor cell nuclei vs. the number of nuclei of non-neoplastic cells (the surface areas occupied by the tumor cells vs. non-tumor cells was not taken into account). The two pathologists evaluated the percentage of neoplastic cells independently. The greatest difference in the neoplastic cell content among the two pathologists was ±10% (average absolute difference: 8%), and the mean percentage values for each case was used for the study.
The percentage of mutated alleles obtained using NGS was normalized to the proportion of neoplastic cells in each tumor using the following formula [32]:
where MR is the percentage of mutated reads according to NGS and X is the estimated percentage of neoplastic cells. For all cases the tumor was postulated to be euploid.
Evaluation of clinical response to TKI therapy
Restaging exams have been planned as daily clinical practice and the response rate was evaluated using RECIST criteria [38]. We divided patients based on the responsiveness to TKIs in 4 categories: complete response (CR), partial response (PR), stable disease (SD) and progression of disease (PD). Progression-Free Survival (PFS) was calculated from the time of diagnosis to the date of the progression of disease documented by clinical exam or radiological assessment. Overall Survival (OS) was defined as the time from the initial diagnosis until death.
Statistical analysis
Data are reported as means, medians, ranges and frequencies. Survival data (median survival times with 95% confidence interval) were computed by the means of the Kaplan-Meier procedure. Spearman’s correlation, Kruskal-Wallis test, Breslow-Wilcoxon test and Cox proportional hazards model were applied. Receiver–operating characteristics (ROC) curves were plotted. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) was computed together with the 95% CI. The best cut-off was calculated using the method of maximization of the Youden’s index [39].
The SPSS (Version 13.0 for Windows; SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was used as a statistical package. Two-tailed P values less than 0.05 were considered significant.
Results
EGFR mutational analysis and clinical responses
NGS revealed EGFR mutations in 167 (17.9%) patients of whom 94 (56.3%) females and 73 (43.7%) males, aged from 33 to 87 years (mean: 68.3 years). Specimens have been obtained from the lung primary in 111 (66.5%) and in 56 cases (33.5%) from tumor metastases (brain, bones, lymph-nodes). The 167 mutated samples were 82 (49.1%) FFPE tissue specimens and 85 (50.9%) cytology specimens.
The mean of analyzed reads in the 167 EGFR mutated samples was 936 (coverage: 115x -3,080x), the mean of mutated alleles in the 167 samples was 25.2% (range: 2% - 90%). No differences in the clonal distribution of EGFR mutations were observed. Specifically, we did not identify any statistical difference in the percentage of mutated neoplastic cells with G719X vs. Exon 19 Deletion vs. Exon 20 insertion vs. p.L858R vs. p.L861X (p = 0.6636). No correlation was observed between patients age and percentage of mutated neoplastic cells (r2 = 0.040, p = 0.607). EGFR mutations are summarized in Table 1. More than one mutational event was identified in 26 cases (15.6%): 6 cases had double EGFR mutations, in 20 cases a KRAS mutations co-existed with EGFR mutation.
In 3 of the 6 cases with double EGFR mutations the discrepancy in the proportion of reads carrying the two mutations was divergent (>10%), implying the presence of two different EGFR-mutated clones. In the remaining cases, it is likely that mutations occurred in the same neoplastic cell clone: in two cases the percentage of the alleles with the two mutations was exactly the same (mutations in haplotype); in the remaining case the difference in the proportion of reads carrying the two mutations very low (<10%).
A total of 18 patients with EGFR mutation, but no KRAS mutation, were treated in first-line with TKIs: their clinical and EGFR molecular status is summarized in Table 2 and S1 Table.
Correlation between the percentage of EGFR mutated neoplastic cells and response to TKIs
In the 18 cases treated with EGFR-TKIs (Table 2), the mean of the neoplastic cells in the sample analyzed was 46.1% (range: 5% - 70%) and the median percentage of mutated alleles was 21% (range: 5.0% - 70.0%). The median of mutated neoplastic cells was 74.8% (range: 23.3% - 110%) (S1 Table).
In 6 samples the percentage of mutated cells calculated according to the formula shown above was higher than 100%, reflecting EGFR gene amplification with mutant allele-specific imbalance (MASI) [21, 40, 41].
A trend (P = 0.068) was observed between the percentage of mutated alleles and responsiveness to TKIs classified according to the PR>SD>PD scale. No statistical correlation was observed with PFS (P = 0.268) and OS (P = 0.708).
We found a strong correlation (P = 0.017) between the percentage of EGFR mutated neoplastic cells and clinical response to TKIs classified according to the same PR>SD>PD scale. No relationship was observed in PFS (P = 0.512) and OS (P = 0.334).
We tried to identify those patients that could benefit most from TKIs therapy. For this, we looked for a threshold of EGFR mutated neoplastic cells that could differentiate “responders” (PR group) from “non-responders” (PD/SD group). We calculated and plotted the AUC curve for the percentage of EGFR mutated neoplastic cells. A threshold of 56% EGFR mutated neoplastic cells was identified as the percentage of neoplastic cells that best correlates with response to TKIs (AUC: 0.813, 95% CI 0.603–1.022, P = 0.026, Fig 2). In fact, patients with a percentage of mutated neoplastic cells equal or lower than 56% had a median OS of 8.2 months (95% CI: 5.4–11.0) compared to the 26.3 months OS (95% CI: 16.5–36.0) of patients with more than 56% mutated neoplastic cells, although the difference did not reach a statistical significance (P = 0.081, Fig 3).
Area under the curve (AUC): 0.813, 95% CI 0.603–1.022, P = 0.026. The dotted diagonal line shows the expected ROC curve for a random correlation.
Discussion
EGFR mutations are a key biomarker to select patients with NSCLC for TKI therapy [13–18, 22]. Some studies have noted that the load of EGFR mutated alleles associates positively with the response to TKIs [22, 26]. In 2011 Zhou et al. observed that the abundance of EGFR mutated alleles correlates with PFS in patients that received gefitinib [22]. Recently, Bria et al. in a series of 17 patients, stratified in three groups based on the time of tumor progression, found a statistical trend between the proportion of mutated alleles obtained after NGS mutation analysis and the duration of clinical response to TKIs, no differences were found for PFS and OS [26].
In a similar cohort of patients, we observed only a statistical trend between the percentage of EGFR mutated alleles and the clinical response classified as ordinal categories (PR>SD>PD). The correlation was instead very strong (P = 0.017) when the percentage of mutated neoplastic cells was considered as opposed to that of EGFR mutated alleles.
In the study mentioned above, Zhou et al. did not address the issue of the proportion of EGFR mutated neoplastic cells influence on TKI response, but used as cutoff for case selection tumors with >50% neoplastic cells [22]. In our study, we actually attempted to determine the proportion of mutated neoplastic cells that best identifies the subset of patients that benefits most from TKIs therapy: patients with a NSCLC harboring EGFR mutations in more than 56% of neoplastic cells have a median OS trice longer in comparison to that of patients harboring tumors with a lower percentage of mutated neoplastic cells. The difference in OS between the two groups falls short of statistical significance (P = 0.081), most likely due to the limited number of the case available for follow up.
Currently, commercial available mutation-specific antibodies allow to detect only two activating EGFR mutations: delE746_A750ELREA and p.L858R. Immunohistochemistry with these antibodies can identify the percentage of mutated neoplastic cells with good specificity, but with highly variable sensitivity (from 40 to 60%) [37]. Therefore, immunohistochemistry with mutation-specific antibodies may be a useful as “screening” method, but cannot replace sequencing of the mutated hot spots.
In approximately one third of our cases the calculated percentage of mutated neoplastic cells was above 100%, most likely reflecting the well-known occurrence of amplification of mutated EGFR alleles in lung adenocarcinoma [21, 40, 41]. It should be noted that NGS is not the ideal technique to identify chromosomal gains (i.e. amplification), that are specifically identified by fluorescence in situ hybridization. In our cohort of patients this finding did not influence the clinical response to TKIs (data not shown). This is consistent with a detailed study addressing the issue of EGFR mutant allele-specific imbalance in NSCLC that showed how this molecular event does not predict response to TKI therapy [40].
In approximately 15% of our EGFR mutated tumors we identified more than one mutation (two EGFR mutations or KRAS and EGFR mutations). The allelic frequency of these concomitant mutations was quite different (data not shown), supporting the hypothesis of different clones in the same tumor, as previously demonstrated in lung cancer [26, 27], as well as in other neoplasms of the thyroid [31, 32], gastrointestinal tract [28], kidney [33] or pancreas [29, 30].
This study indicates that EGFR mutation heterogeneity within the tumor is an additional variable that may predict response to TKIs: the percentage of mutated neoplastic cells has an impact on clinical response. Our findings highlight the importance of pre-analytic evaluation of neoplastic material and the use of sensitive quantitative techniques (e.g. NGS technology) for mutation detection. Not only a “qualitative” (presence and type of mutation) data, but also “quantitative” analysis of the EGFR mutational load may be necessary in order to recognize those patients likely to receive the greatest benefit from TKIs treatment.
Supporting information
S1 Table. Molecular characterization of the 18 samples treated with EGFR-TKIs.
M, Male; F, Female; DEL, deletion.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0177822.s001
(PDF)
Author Contributions
- Conceptualization: DdB GG GT AAB.
- Data curation: DdB GG MV MDB GC A. Paccapelo AC RT RDE SB A. Pession.
- Formal analysis: A. Paccapelo.
- Funding acquisition: DdB A. Pession GT AAB.
- Investigation: DdB GG MV GA MDB GC AC RT RDE SB.
- Methodology: DdB GG A. Paccapelo.
- Project administration: GT AAB.
- Resources: A. Pession GT AAB.
- Supervision: GT AAB.
- Visualization: DdB GG MV GA.
- Writing – original draft: DdB GG GT AAB.
- Writing – review & editing: DdB GG GT AAB.
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