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Evolutionary emergence of angiogenesis in avascular tumors using a spatial public goods game

Fig 9

Configuration of pro-angigenic mutants in the surrounding vascular neoplasm.

Pro-angiogenic clone in tumors equilibrates into one or several clusters that begin from surrounding vascular tissues and go towards the center of tumor. A: pro-angigenic mutants for Lewis Lung Carcinoma (LLC) and MCa-IV mammary carcinoma. Red and green colors indicates pro-angiogenic clone and blood vessels in the tumor [Panel A from Morikawa et al. [45], with permission]. B: Configuration of pro-angigenic clone in our simulations. The mutant cells (blue node) equilibrate into one or several randomly composed cluster, without considering the size and shape of the clusters and mutants. The graphs demonstrates final equilibrium configurations over the evolutionary process. Simulation codes are available in S1 File.

Fig 9

doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0175063.g009