Grape Seed Proanthocyanidin Extract–Mediated Regulation of STAT3 Proteins Contributes to Treg Differentiation and Attenuates Inflammation in a Murine Model of Obesity-Associated Arthritis
Figure 1
In vivo treatment with GSPE in mice significantly prevented obesity induced by a high-fat diet (HFD).
The mice received continuous feeding of a HFD after 4 weeks of age and euthanized at 50 days (11 weeks of age) after feeding (n = 6 for each group). (A) Weight gain was significantly attenuated in mice administered with GSPE (300 mg/kg) during the experimental period when compared to control mice. (B) Representative photomicrographs (100×) of liver sections from control or GSPE-treated mice stained with Oil Red O. Red staining indicates lipid deposition (left panel). The graphs show the number of positive cells (middle panel). Representative immunohistochemical staining for nitrotyrosine in liver and spleen isolated from each group (original magnification, 200×) (right panel). (C) Glucose level and lipoprotein profiles were determined in sera that were isolated at 50 days after feeding. Values are the means ± SD. (D) Splenocytes of each group of mice were cultured with or without 0.5 µg/ml, or 2 µg/ml of anti-CD3 mAb for 72 hrs. The proliferative responses were determined by [3H] thymidine incorporation assay. The data presents the mean counts per min (cpm) ± SD. *P<0.05, ** P<0.01, *** P<0.001 indicated significant differences from the control.