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Floating Ice-Algal Aggregates below Melting Arctic Sea Ice

Figure 2

Distribution and composition of ice-algal aggregates.

(A) Mass accumulation of aggregates in open melt pond. (B) Accumulation of aggregates at the interface between melt and seawater layers in a natural crack through the ice. (C) Composite aggregate floating beneath sea ice. (D) Porous aggregate colonized by the ice amphipod species Apherusa glacialis (white) and Onisimus glacialis (yellow). (E) Light micrograph of pennate diatoms, mainly Hantzschia weyprechtii, embedded in the mucous matrix. (F) Light micrograph of mainly empty frustules of different pennate diatom species. Scale bar = 0.5 m(A), 5 cm (C), 1 cm (D) and 20 µm (E and F). In panel B the measuring bar (1 m) lowered into the ice crack in the background serves as a scale for orientation. Picture A © Jenny E. Ross, pictures C and D © Peter Leopold.

Figure 2

doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0076599.g002