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Empty Seeds Are Not Always Bad: Simultaneous Effect of Seed Emptiness and Masting on Animal Seed Predation

Figure 1

Ulmus laevis samara characterization.

Pictures of the different samara categories are shown on the top row and sketches on the bottom row: (A) full samara (FS); (B) undeveloped samara (US); (C) empty samara (ES); (D and E) predated samaras (PS). The black colour of the sketch stands out the seed for FS and US, and the tissues torn by animals in the PS.

Figure 1

doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0065573.g001