Learning Impairment in Honey Bees Caused by Agricultural Spray Adjuvants
Figure 6
Learning performance of honey bees after oral ingestion (not antennal contact) of spray adjuvants.
Bees were fed Dyne-Amic (A), Activator 90 (B), and Penetrator (C) (1% v/v for each adjuvant) 5 minutes prior to the first acquisition trial (AT1) for 2 seconds such that their antennae was not allowed to touch the adjuvant solution. Percent conditioned response refers to the percentage of bees in each group that gave positive responses at each trial. Number of subjects in each group is indicated in parentheses. *P<0.05 (Fisher’s exact test) relative to the aggregate control.