Intraguild Predation Behaviour of Ladybirds in Semi-Field Experiments Explains Invasion Success of Harmonia axyridis
Figure 5
Behaviours observed in leaf experiments.
Two fourth-instar larvae were observed for 1000 seconds on one leaf. A: Total number of contacts made per species combination during all observations. Total number of observations per species is given in table 2. B: Total number of non-aggressive responses after contact, when paired with conspecifics or heterospecifics (abbreviated to ‘con’ and ‘het’ respectively). C: Total number of aggressive responses after contact, when paired with conspecifics or heterospecifics (abbreviated to ‘con’ and ‘het’ respectively). Catch frequency of H. axyridis is significantly higher when paired with heterospecifics than when paired with conspecifics X21 = 6.081, Fisher’s exact test p = 0.013). Abbreviations: H = H. axyridis, C = C. septempunctata, and A = A. bipunctata.