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Ginkgo biloba Responds to Herbivory by Activating Early Signaling and Direct Defenses

Figure 1

G. biloba is characterized by different leaf types, depending on the age and shape of the leaf.

A, bilobed; B, multi-dissected and; C, fan-shaped. Vm values are reported along with standard errors (in brackets) as mV (nā‰ˆ50). Herbivore wounding is shown in leaf segments and Vm values are indicated below and aside the wounding zone. The leaf section of C shows Vm values of the different mesophyll and epidermal cells of a fan-shaped leaf. D, Spodoptera littoralis feeding on G. biloba leaves.

Figure 1

doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0032822.g001