Knockdown of Cytosolic Glutaredoxin 1 Leads to Loss of Mitochondrial Membrane Potential: Implication in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Figure 10
Oxidative modification of thiol groups in proteins:
Protein thiols may be oxidized sequentially to sulfenic, sulfinic and sulfonic acid. Sulfenic acids can react with GSH to form PrSSG thus preventing their irreversible oxidation to sulfonic acids. PrSSG may be further modified to protein mixed disulfides. PrSSG are reduced back to protein thiols very effectively by Grx1 utilizing GSH and reducing equivalents of NADPH. The thiol antioxidant, α-lipoic acid, can potentially prevent the oxidative modification of protein thiols.