Serum and urinary biomarkers for early detection of acute kidney injury following Hypnale spp. envenoming
Fig 3
Maximum renal biomarker concentration within 24 h of bite. Scatter plots of the maximum biomarker concentrations reached within 24 h post-bite for patients with no acute kidney injury (No AKI; green), mild AKI (AKI 1; blue) and moderate to severe AKI (AKI 2–3; red), for serum creatinine (sCr; Panel A), serum cystatin C (sCysC; Panel B), urinary neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin (uNGAL; Panel C), urinary cystatin C (uCysC; Panel D), urinary beta-2 microglobulin (uβ2M; Panel E), and urinary clusterin (uClu; Panel F). The grey shaded is the normal range based on respective biomarkers measured in healthy individuals.