Synchronous climate hazards pose an increasing challenge to global coffee production
Fig 1
Coffee regions and production cycles.
(a) Percentage of 2019 coffee yield by primary coffee species per region. Robusta regions are to the right of the red line, plus northern Brazil. Dashed lines indicate regions used to calculate ocean modes indices. (b) Flowering and growing seasons, with percentage of 2019 coffee yield by species shown on the right-hand axis. The map base layer is available from Natural Earth at https://www.naturalearthdata.com/downloads/110m-physical-vectors/110m-coastline/.