A computational framework for the morpho-elastic development of molluskan shells by surface and volume growth
Fig 9
Effect of volume growth strain increment.
δg = ε2 Δt on the amplitude and mode numbers of the deformed mantle. The observed high mode number morphologies are similar to the ornamentations observed in bivalves like Clinocardium nuttallii (inset). Dirichlet boundary conditions, u = 0, are applied on the trailing surface (boundary) and traction-free Neumann conditions, PN = 0, are applied on the remaining surfaces (boundaries). See Fig 4 for location of the trailing surface, front surface and the lateral surfaces.