Landscape of WASH relevant Training for Humanitarian Emergencies

Results and Discussion: A total of 42 training courses relevant to humanitarian emergency WASH were retained. In addition to the more generic/introductory trainings, some provided thematic variations such as coordination of WASH responses, project management, risk reduction, information, education and communication (IEC), and complex emergencies. Timely topics such as urban WASH, Ebola, and WASH innovations were also observed indicating the responsiveness of the training providers to the changing needs of humanitarian WASH response programmes. This survey also revealed a large variety in terms of target audience, duration, fees, location, and language of courses. There was no centralised listing of courses available on the Internet. Limitations of this exercise were also discussed.

the major contributors to the overall morbidity and mortality rates following a disaster .Typically, when the (re)establishment of adequate WASH infrastructures is beyond the capacity of local authorities, aid from external relief agencies is warranted.In addition to dedicated equipment and other relief items, such organisations use specialised relief personnel to coordinate and deliver WASH interventions during recovery efforts.It is often the case that such personnel are either expatriate relief workers or locallyhired staff.In both cases, humanitarian WASH training is many times offered or required.The anecdotally romantic view that a relevant expertise and lots of goodwill were sufficient to secure a posting as an aid worker no longer holds true.Qualified personnel (e.g.engineers and health professionals) interested in becoming aid workers now seek such training to further specialise their skills and learn more about humanitarian work.
In 2007 Oxfam International reported that over the previous two decades the total number of natural disasters has increased fourfold and that the number of affected people from such events has risen on average from 174 million to 250 million a year.Moreover, since the end of the Cold War in 1991, an increase in the number of violent manmade conflicts has also been noticed affecting a growing number of civilian populations.Evidence of this changing landscape may also be found in the overall increasing trend humanitarian funding and response personnel with an estimated annual growth rate of 6 percent , as pointed out by Walker et al. .The increase in such statistics will likely reflect an increase of humanitarian support WASH personnel, given the importance (and near ubiquity) of WASH interventions during such catastrophic events.Adequate training programmes are thus warranted to ensure professional development, accountability to beneficiaries, and building trust with donors.
Walker and Russ conducted a scoping study on the professionalisation of the humanitarian sector and presented a database of mostly nonspecific humanitarian training that was available.More recently, Jacquet et al. presented a mainly literaturebased survey (albeit nonsystematically), but also with a broad "humanitarian response" remit and did not identify WASHspecific training.Furthermore, it concentrated on more traditional ("inclass") type training, as distance learning options (i.e.online or paperbased) were not included in their assessment.The objective of this study was to conduct a landscaping exercise of the available WASHrelevant training for humanitarian emergencies.
An open internet search was performed in English with Google web search engine (www.google.ca)using a combination of the terms "water," "sanitation," "hygiene," "WASH," "watsan," "humanitarian," "emergencies," "disasters," "relief," "course," and "training" with no search operators.Due to the large number of results obtained through open internet searches (sometimes over 40,000,000), only the first 50 results for each search were evaluated for inclusion in the study.In addition to the primary search results, secondary references were also followed up.These searches were conducted between December 2014 and February 2015.Websites were typically visited only once for information retrieval.Retained search results included those training opportunities (including past ones) that were themed around water, sanitation and/or hygiene dedicated to or with mentioned relevance to humanitarian relief.Generic (i.e.nonspecific to emergencies) WASH trainings were not included in this exercise.When possible the name, organiser, location, delivery mode (e.g.presential or online), duration, fees (converted to USD), and language (assumed to be the same of the information source when not explicit) were noted.
A total of 42 training courses relevant to humanitarian emergency WASH were retained for this exercise.Whereas this search was not exhaustive with regards to the existing plethora of (generic) WASH training courses, it identified emergency WASHrelated opportunities that are largely advertised to the general public.Although some courses were also part of a larger academic postgraduate study programme.Many organisations can offer "inhouse" trainings (sometimes contracted out to third parties) that are not advertised and are restricted to their employees.Conferences and workshops with relevance to humanitarian emergency WASH also can provide valuable learning opportunities, which were not covered by this study.The open internet search also revealed "general" WASHrelevant courses that were not specific to humanitarian emergencies.Whilst there can be a strong overlap of content that is applicable to humanitarian contexts, such results were not within the scope of the performed search.The retained search results were categorised according to their delivery mode.For presential courses, the reported durations varied from 1 day to 10 months.Online trainings were anywhere between 2 hours of duration to up to 150 contact hours.Their characteristics were summarised in Tables 1 and 2. The content of most of the available trainings was centered on notions of emergency water supply (e.g.water quality, treatment, distribution, etc.), sanitation (e.g.latrine types, faecal sludge management, etc.), and hygiene (e.g.handwashing, hygiene promotion methods and approaches, behaviour change, etc.), as well as overarching themes (e.g.SPHERE Standards, diarrhoeal disease transmission, etc.).However, some courses provided thematic variations such as coordination of WASH responses, project management, risk reduction, information, education and communication (IEC), and complex emergencies.Timely topics such as urban WASH, Ebola, menstrual hygiene management, and WASH innovations were also observed indicating the responsiveness of the training providers to the changing needs of humanitarian WASH response programmes.There did not seem to be any obvious topic omission.However, there could be specialised themes that were not covered in the training opportunities that were largely aimed at a rather generic humanitarian audience.
Fees for the training courses also varied substantially.Whereas some online ones were offered free of charge, others cost between 15 and 7895 USD.Variation between courses are thought to be related to the duration and venue of the trainings.Price variations were also observed within courses according to several factors such as inclusion of accommodation and meals, student status, group registration, professional status (e.g.NGO, local government, etc.), academic credit or noncredit bearing, residency status, medical insurance, etc.
This scoping exercise revealed mainly training opportunities in English, as it was biased by the Language in which the open internet search that was performed.It is possible that a search in other languages would reveal an even greater number and variety.Although all of the information retrieved for this exercise was in English, some course information stated content delivery in languages other than English (e.g.French, /currents.plos.org/disasters/article/landscapeofwashrelevanttrainingforhumanitarianemergencies/3/8

Table 1 .
Summary of presential (onsite)humanitarian WASHrelevant training courses sorted by duration in days (unless otherwise stated).

Table 2 .
Summary of online humanitarian WASHrelevant training courses sorted by duration in hours.NS = not stated.* indicates duration expressed as the reported "contact hours" (i.e.including self study hours).