https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5619-4129
Figures
Abstract
Introduction
The management and treatment of Medical Waste (MW) are of great concern owing to its potential hazard to human health and the environment, particularly in developing countries. In Bhutan, although guidelines exist on the prevention and management of wastes, the implementation is still hampered by technological, economic, social difficulties and inadequate training of staff responsible for handling these waste. The study aimed at assessing the awareness and practice of medical waste management among health care providers and support staff at the National Referral Hospital and its compliance with the existing National guidelines and policies.
Materials and methods
An observational cross-sectional study was conducted from March to April 2019. Three research instruments were developed and used; (i) Demographic questionnaire, (ii) Awareness questions, and (iii) the Observational checklist. The data was coded and double entered into Epi data version 3.1 and SPSS version 18 was used for analysis. Descriptive statistics were used to present the findings of the study.
Results
The majority of the respondents were female (54.1%) with a mean age of 32.2 (±7.67) years, most of whom have not received any waste management related training/education (56.8%). About 74.4% are aware of medical waste management and 98.2% are aware on the importance of using proper personal protective equipment. Only 37.6% knew about the maximum time limit for medical waste to be kept in hospital premises is 48 hours. About 61.3% of the observed units/wards/departments correctly segregated the waste in accordance to the national guidelines. However, half of the Hospital wastes are not being correctly transported based on correct segregation process with 58% of waste not segregated into infectious and general wastes.
Conclusion
The awareness and practice of medical waste management among healthcare workers is often limited with inadequate sensitization and lack of proper implementation of the existing National guidelines at the study site. Therefore, timely and effective monitoring is required with regular training for healthcare workers and support staff. Furthermore, strengthening the waste management system at National Referral Hospital would provide beneficial impact in enhancing safety measures of patients.
Citation: Letho Z, Yangdon T, Lhamo C, Limbu CB, Yoezer S, Jamtsho T, et al. (2021) Awareness and practice of medical waste management among healthcare providers in National Referral Hospital. PLoS ONE 16(1): e0243817. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243817
Editor: Itamar Ashkenazi, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, ISRAEL
Received: March 31, 2020; Accepted: November 27, 2020; Published: January 6, 2021
Copyright: © 2021 Letho et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting Information files.
Funding: The Jigme Dorji Wangchuck National Referral Hospital provided material support for this study but had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
A health care facility inevitably produces medical wastes (MW) that may be hazardous to health [1–3]. MW refers to all categories of waste generated from health facilities, clinics, animal husbandries, veterinary hospitals and other clinical laboratories, and home-based treatment of patients [3]. Although the MW is classified broadly, in general, it is categorized as Sharps, Infectious, Pathological, Pharmaceutical, cytotoxic, pressurized containers, chemical, radioactive and non-hazardous or general waste [1–4]. Hazardous MW is referred to any wastes which have the potential to cause harmful effects to human or environment if poorly managed [3]. Fig 1 provides the types of hazardous wastes, waste bin, and color code and biohazard symbols [5].
Although MW management practices differ from hospital to hospital, the implementation of MW management still poses a challenge. For the MW management, WHO has prepared various biomedical waste management guidelines to ensure the safe management of the wastes from healthcare facilities.
In Bhutan, the Government with various initiatives developed guidelines on proper management of healthcare waste including developing environmental code of practice for hazardous waste management 2002, waste prevention and management act of Bhutan 2009, Guideline for Infection Control and healthcare waste management in health facilities 2006 and National Infection Control and Medical Waste Management guidelines 2018 [3, 5, 6] however, implementation is still hampered by technological, economic, social difficulties and inadequate training of staff responsible for the handling of these waste [3, 7].
Jigme Dorji Wangchuck National Referral Hospital (JDWNRH), the apex Hospital of the capital city Thimphu, Bhutan caters to the healthcare services delivery for the population residing in Thimphu as well as to the patients referred from district hospitals. Being the only tertiary care hospital, large number of patients and referral samples are received at JDWNRH leading to increase medical waste generations. For the management of the waste generated, JDWNRH consist of infection control focal team headed by deputy nursing superintendent who supervises the overall monitoring of the infection control and waste management by conducting annual monitoring system in all the departments (Annual report 2018).
This study was conducted at JDWNRH which is also the teaching hospital affiliated to Khesar Gyelpo Medical University of Bhutan (KGUMSB). JDWNRH is 350 bedded hospital situated in Thimphu consisting of 1300 staff with an annual turnout of 5, 26,491 patients in OPD and 17,468 patients in IPD (Annual Report, 2017). This study targeted the staff and supporting staff working at National referral hospital on their awareness and practice on MW management practice.
The appropriate MW management process includes vital steps: Collection, segregation, storage, transportation, treatment, and disposal [2]. Table 1 show the procedure for collection, transportation, treatment of MW according to the National guideline [5].
Segregation is based on color-coding of the non-infectious and infectious wastes [4]. The segregated waste are stored in designated storage area within the units/wards/departments and storage duration is 24–48 hours (summer time) and 24–72 hours (winter time). The waste is collected every morning from the all the wards/unit/department and transported to the waste treatment unit. The infectious waste is treated by autoclaving and disposed off along with the general waste. The waste like cardboard box, pet bottles are sold to the vendor to reduce the waste going to the land fill and the food waste are used to prepare organic compost for fertilizer.
In an audit report by Royal Audit Authority (RAA) on Medical Waste Management conducted in 2008, it was found that the support staff handling MW of JDWNRH lacked awareness and knowledge on proper handling and management. Also, the waste handlers were seen handling the MW without protective gear such as utility gloves, apron, gumboots and mask [8]. Therefore, this study aimed at assessing the awareness and practice of health care providers on the management of medical wastes and implementation of the existing national guidelines.
Materials and methods
An observational cross-sectional study was conducted to describe the awareness and current practice of medical waste management at JDWNRH. All Bhutanese citizenship health workers registered with Bhutan Medical and Health Council BMHC) and working permanently fulltime in JDWNRH were interviewed including the supporting staff who handles the MW.
Sampling
The convenience sampling method was used to collect data from all 18 departments of JDWNRH. The 18 departments were Clinical Departments (n = 15), Community Health Department (n = 1) and Diagnostic Departments (n = 2).
Sample size
The sample size in this study was calculated using Krejcie and Morgan 1970 [9] formula to determine the sample size for finite population as follows:
Where:
S = required sample size
X = Z value (e.g. 1.96 for 95% confidence level)
N = population size
P = population proportion [expressed as decimal, assumed to be .5 (50%)]
d = degree of accuracy (5%), expressed as a proportion (.05); it is a marginal of error
In this study, 350 participants were recruited to target maximum number of participants from healthcare workers and supporting staff.
Research instrument
Three research instruments were used in this study according to WHO standards (1) viz. i) Demographic questionnaire, (ii) Awareness questions, and (iii) the Observational checklist. All the research instruments were pilot tested and validated by the researchers prior to using on the participants.
PART I: The demographic questionnaire
This part of the questionnaire was developed by the researcher which include all demographic variables (as given in the questionnaire) (S1 File).
PART 2: Awareness questionnaire
This tool consists of 15 questions to test the awareness of medical waste management. Face to face interview was carried out to collect the data. The correct response was coded as 1 and incorrect as 0 respectively (S2 File).
PART 3: Observational checklist
This checklist consist of assessing the process and practice on handling the MW by the healthcare workers and supporting staff by visual observation at the work station on the disposal method. The observation was coded as; 1 for Yes, 0 for No and 9 for Not applicable (S3 File).
Data collection and analysis
Data were collected from March to April 2019. Head of Departments were explained on the objective of the study and the written informed consent were obtained from all the volunteer participants. Ethical clearance was sought from Research Ethic Board (REBH), Ministry of Health (Ref. No. REBH/PO/2019/012). Ethical waive was granted since there was no clinical intervention and the protocol fulfilled the criteria for ethical exemption from REBH.
The data was coded and double entered into Epi data version 3.1 and SPSS version 18 was used for analysis. Descriptive statistics were used to present the findings of the study. The current practice and awareness of medical waste management among health care providers in JDWNRH was described in terms of frequency, percentage, mean (M), and standard deviation (SD).
Results
Part 1: Demographic characteristics of participants
Table 2 shows the demographic characteristics of health care providers. A majority of the respondents were female (54.1%) as compared to males. The mean age of the health care providers was 32.2 years (SD = 7.35) with a minimum and maximum age of 20 and 55 years respectively. The age range of most health care providers was between 26 and 30 years (33.8%). Most of them (32.9%) had a Diploma followed by a Certificate degree (30.9%) and a bachelor's degree (18.8%). The average years of experience of the health care providers were 8.48 years (SD = 7.67) and 37.6% had an experience of fewer than 4 years. It also revealed that the highest respondents were nurses (44.1%) followed by technicians (23.5%) and least were health assistants (3.2%). Most of them had not received any waste management related training/education (56.8%). It is worth to note that 82.9% of health care providers have been vaccinated against Hepatitis B virus which is provided as mandatory vaccination for all healthcare providers and support staff.
Part 2: Awareness questionnaire
Table 3 describes awareness about biomedical waste management among health care providers in JDWNRH. Almost all (98.5%) heard about medical waste and 69.7% are aware of regulation on medical waste management. About 74.4% of health care providers are aware of the biohazard symbol and only 45.3% knew about eight categories of medical waste.
It's encouraging to note that 83.5% and 88.2% of the respondents are aware that HIV/AIDS and Hepatitis B & C can be transmitted through medical waste respectively. Also, the majority (98.2%) are aware that personal protective measures are necessary while handling medical waste. 90.0% believe that the disinfection of medical waste is necessary and 72.9% are aware that a bleaching solution of 0.5% is used for the disinfection of infectious medical waste. However, only 37.6% are aware that the maximum time for medical waste to be kept in hospital premises is 48 hours.
Part 3: Observational checklist
Table 4 describes the observation of the current practice on medical waste management for four categories; a) condition of waste receptacles, b). Segregation of waste, c) Transportation of medical waste, d) Appropriate use of PPE. The observation was carried out by visiting the department/unit/wards and visually observing whether the waste disposal process was followed in accordance to National guidelines on infection control (3).
On an average, 93.5% of the waste bins were appropriately available in the required color-coded bins (83.85%), however, the availability of blue-colored waste bin was minimum (45.2%). Only 58.1% of the waste bins were covered with 74.2% being foot-operated. The biohazard symbol was imprinted in the majority of the waste bin (90.3%) with 67.7% user posters displayed in waste bins.
About 61.3% of the observed units/wards/departments have correctly segregated the waste accordingly. Only 48% of the waste generated is transported in accordance with the transportation guideline with 58% of the waste not segregated into infectious and general wastes. Only 35.4% was found to be using appropriate PPE with 32.3% not complying and 32.3% not applicable.
Discussion
The majority of the respondent were nurses which are concurrent with the highest number of health workers at JDWNRH being nurses followed by paramedical staff. Of these, the respondents were mostly in the age group of 26–30 years old and having a diploma course certificate. Less than half of the health care workers (43.2%) attended training on medical waste management which was a similar finding from the study conducted in 2015 [10]. However, it is noteworthy that the majority of the health care workers were vaccinated against Hepatitis B virus which is mandatory for all healthcare providers and support staff. Although most of them were aware of the regulations on medical waste management, the failure to adhere to these guidelines may be due to a lack of inspection from the authorities and the absence of strict rules and regulations. Therefore framing rules and regulations followed by proper and timely reminders of the importance of adhering to the rules and regulations are important by hospital infection control team.
There was satisfactory knowledge of color coding of wastes which is an essential factor for proper segregation of waste (80%) which was similar to the study conducted in Nigeria with 81.9% [11]. Our study revealed that the majority of the waste bins were color-coded (83.85%) which indicates the understanding of the respondents on the management of medical waste into infectious and non-infectious waste.
The waste generated is required to be transported by following the national guideline [3, 5]. Such wastes are collected and transported using a trolley, wheeled barrow, trucks, etc. Data from this study revealed that the waste is transported in trolleys and supporting staff loads it into the trucks by hand which could be dangerous. Although WHO stipulates that different trolleys should be used in transporting the different categories of wastes, this requirement does not adhere to 58% of wastes not segregated at source. Indeed, all the wastes generated are carried with the same trolley and this could also lead to cross-contamination [12].
As important as protective equipment is to anybody who handles medical wastes, only 35.4% complied with the use of appropriate PPE which is not consistent with the recommended standard of WHO which requires the use of heavy-duty gloves, boots, and apron [11]. There is a need to properly equipped and educate those in charge of on-site transportation of wastes, given the great danger associated with this task.
Conclusion
Although national regulations exist on medical waste management, adherence to the practice is often limited due to inadequate sensitization amongst the health care workers and support staff. Most notably, the use of appropriate PPE while handling waste is often neglected causing potential risk. Therefore, timely and effective monitoring from the authorities should be implemented and regular training sessions to be provided for the healthcare workers and support staff.
Our findings suggest that although many of the respondents are aware of the National guideline on infection control and waste management, the practice is limited due to lack of proper training and sensitization on medical waste management process. Even though the hospital infection control team performs the assessment on waste management bi-annually, the findings and corrective action implementation needs to be strengthened by regular follow-up on action plan and providing incentives for the best medical management practice in the units/wards/departments.
Acknowledgments
Authors would like to thank the Department of Nursing and JDWNRH administration and all the health care provides who were involved in the study and provided their immense support.
References
- 1.
World Health Organization (WHO). (2014). Safe management of wastes from health-care activities—edited by CHARTIER Yves et al. World Health Organization, 329.
- 2.
WHO: Basic Steps in the Preparation of Health Care Waste Management Plans for Health Care Establishments Amman: World Health Organization; 2002.
- 3. Adogu Prosper OU, Ubajaka Chika F., Nebuwa Joachim E. (2014). Knowledge and practice of medical waste management among health workers in a Nigerian general hospital, 2014.Asian journal of science and technology vol.5, issue 12, pp 833–838.
- 4.
World Health Organization (WHO). (2017). Report on health-care waste management status in countries of the South-East Asia Region, (April), 128.
- 5.
Waste prevention and management regulation, Royal Government of Bhutan (RGOB), 2012
- 6.
National Guideline of Infection Control and Medical Waste management, Healthcare and Diagnostic Division, Department of Medical Services, Ministry of Health, Bhutan 2018.
- 7. Awodele O., Adewoye A. A., & Oparah A. C. (2016). Assessment of medical waste management in seven hospitals in Lagos, Nigeria. BMC Public Health, 1–11. pmid:26728978
- 8. Alok S. et al. Awareness of Biomedical Waste Management Among Health Care Personnel in Jaipur, India OHDM—Vol. 12—No. 1—March 2013 pmid:23474579
- 9. Krejcie R.V, & Morgan D.W (1970) Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and psychological measurement, 30(3), 607–610.
- 10.
Choden, N. N. (2015). Medical Waste Management at Jigme Dorji Wangchuck National Referral Hospital, Thimphu.
- 11. Windfeld E. S., & Brooks M. S.-L. (2015). Medical waste management–A review. Journal of Environmental Management, 163, 98–108. pmid:26301686
- 12. Abdullah MK, Al-Mukhtar Salwa. Assessment of medical waste management Teaching hospitals in Mosul City. A descriptive study. Mosul Nurs J. 2013;1(1):1 8. December 2013.