Figures
Abstract
Purpose
To evaluate the treatment outcomes and costs of early keratectomy in the management of moderate Fusarium keratitis.
Methodology/Principal Findings
Consecutive cases of culture proven Fusarium keratitis treated at our hospital between January 2004 to December 2010 were included in this retrospective study. There were 38 cases of moderate keratitis with infiltrates between 3 to 6 mm in diameter and depth of infiltration not exceeding the inner 1/3 of the cornea. After excluding 5 patients with incomplete follow-up data, 13 patients who received early keratectomy within 1 week of admission were compared with a group of 20 patients treated medically. The significance of the association between early keratectomy and visual acuity, progression to perforation, secondary glaucoma and cataract formation, adjuvant therapy, hospitalization days and cost were assessed. There were no differences between the keratectomy and medication groups in regards to age, sex, presence of systemic diseases, and hypopyon formation on presentation. The early keratectomy group had a shorter hospital stay than the medical therapy group. Disease duration was significantly lower in the early keratectomy group (median: 29.0 vs. 54.5 days, P<0.001). Median hospitalization costs per patient were lower with early keratectomy (mean ward fee: 15175.4 vs. 44159.5 NTD, P<0.001; mean donor fee: 0 vs. 900.0 NTD, P<0.001), primarily because of reductions in hospital stay. More patients in the medication group developed perforations than in the keratectomy group (20% vs. 0%, respectively) and the perforation-free rate was higher in those with early keratectomy, but the results were not statistically significant.
Citation: Lin H-C, Lin J-L, Lin-Tan D-T, Ma H-K, Chen H-C (2012) Early Keratectomy in the Treatment of Moderate Fusarium Keratitis. PLoS ONE 7(8): e42126. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0042126
Editor: Suzanne Fleiszig, University of California, Berkeley, United States of America
Received: November 26, 2011; Accepted: July 3, 2012; Published: August 24, 2012
Copyright: © Lin et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: These authors have no support or funding to report.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
The treatment of fungal keratitis can be challenging because the typical feathery, fluffy infiltration and endothelial plaque formation are not evident at the early stage of the disease, and the infection is often advanced on presentation due to inherent delays in arriving at an accurate diagnosis. Medical management is normally employed for the initial management of fungal keratitis, especially in mild cases where the infiltrates are located superficially, and surgical intervention is performed when medical management has failed. In advanced fungal keratitis with imminent perforation, surgical intervention in the form of therapeutic penetrating keratoplasty, conjunctival flap, or cryotherapy is often required [1]–[5].
Fungal infection has a relatively silent early phase in the cornea as compared with bacterial keratitis, as a few weeks are usually required before the infiltrate becomes evident and the stroma becomes inflamed [6], [7]. The lack of marked inflammation in the surrounding stroma permits direct visualization of the delicate, feathery branching hyphae and facilitates debulking of the fungal elements by keratectomy; there is concern regarding an increased risk of corneal perforation after early keratectomy; however, because Fusarium keratitis appears to be the most virulent and most common form of fungal keratitis in tropical and subtropical regions, it might be valuable to figure out the effectiveness and risk of complications of performing early keratectomy in moderate Fusarium keratitis.
The objectives of this study were to compare treatment outcomes, costs of care, and long-term complications in patients with moderate Fusarium keratitis that received early keratectomy as compared to those treated medically.
Methods
Patients and Treatments
The study protocol adhered to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki, and was approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee at Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taiwan (99-0576B). Based on our previous report on the treatment of Fusarium solani keratitis [8], corneal smears were cultured for bacteria and fungi on chocolate, 5% sheep blood, anaerobic blood agar, inhibitory mold agar (IMA), IMA supplemented with chloramphenicol and gentamicin (ICG) agar, and thioglycollate medium. External eye photographs were documented weekly, and re-culture was performed in cases of progression or poor medical response after the cessation of empiric topical antibiotics for 24 hours. At the initial encounter all patients were informed about the possibility of ulcer progression and that an operation may be needed during the disease process. In some cases, keratectomy was suggested for the purpose of obtaining a diagnostic biopsy in culture negative cases. Other patients with moderate severity disease were given the option of surgical or medical management.
Inclusion criterion was culture proven Fusarium infection of the cornea in patients seen between January 2004 and December 2010. Severity of keratitis was graded prospectively according to a modification of that described by Jones [1] (Table 1). The ulcer was graded as severe if the area of suppuration was >6 mm in diameter, involved the inner third of the cornea, or if perforation was imminent. Because the progression of Fusarium keratitis is relatively slow as compared with bacterial keratitis, we further divided non-severe keratitis into mild and moderate. Study cases were included if the corneal infiltrate was ≥3 mm but <6 mm in diameter, and the depth of involvement was not more than the inner 1/3 of the corneal thickness. Cases were excluded from analysis if <16 years of age, severe ocular surface disease was present such as Stevens-Johnson syndrome, chemical burn, or neurotrophic keratitis [9]. Subjects were followed-up for a minimum of 3 months.
Data collected from the medical records included age, sex, presence of systemic diseases, inciting factors, presenting symptoms, location and size of the infiltrate, presence of anterior chamber reaction, hypopyon, endothelial plaque, significant progressive pain, visual acuity (initial visual acuity was assessed at the initial patient visit, and final visual acuity was assessed upon healing of the epithelial defect), antibiotics chosen for outpatient therapy, initial medical treatment and surgical procedures after admission, length of hospital stay, disease duration, readmission, subsequent adjuvant therapy or surgery, and secondary complications.
Areas of keratitis were debrided with a No. 15 blade for microbial culture and sensitivity testing before initiation of therapy. Empiric broad-spectrum antibiotics, such as an aminoglycoside and cefazolin, ciprofloxacin, or levofloxacin were administered before culture results were obtained. Subsequent modifications in antibiotic choice and dosage depended on results of culture and sensitivity testing and clinical response. Fusarium keratitis was treated with topical 5% natamycin drops (Alcon Labs, Texas, USA). Superficial keratectomy was performed with a No. 57 Beaver blade, and the stromal infiltrate was removed as completely as possible. The maximum depth of keratectomy was approximately 1/2 to 2/3 of the cornea depth. In cases of severe keratitis, a corneal patch graft or amniotic membrane transplantation was used as adjuvant therapy as previously described [8], [10]. Supportive therapy included cycloplegics, analgesics, and antiglaucoma medications whenever required.
The patients were monitored until the ulcer healed, which was considered the absence of symptoms and corneal infiltrate, with decreased ciliary congestion and healed epithelial defect. Follow-up visits for a minimum of 3 months after ulcer healing were scheduled to ensure there was no recurrence of Fusarium keratitis.
Cost Analysis
Component costs were estimated by reviewing the cost of treatment of a series of cases of microbial keratitis at a tertiary referral hospital. This analysis yielded values for components of treatment, i.e., hospital bed days, operating room time, and surgical team.
Statistical Analysis
Continuous data are presented as median and inter-quartile range (IQR) except for cost data, which are presented as mean and standard deviation. The differences between groups were tested with the non-parametric Wilcoxon rank-sum test except for cost data that were tested with the independent two samples test. Categorical data are presented as the number and percentage, and the differences between groups were tested with Fisher's exact test. The primary outcome measure, perforation-free rate, was determined by the Kaplan-Meier estimates and tested with the log-rank test. As visual acuity data are not linear, they were converted to LogMAR for statistical analysis [11]. In brief, Log 20/2000 = 2 = counting fingers, and Log 20/20000 = 3 = hand motion. Cost analysis data are reported in New Taiwan Dollars (NTDs). All hypothesis tests were 2-tailed, and a value of P<0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance. All statistical analyses were performed using Stat View (Abacus Concepts, Inc).
Results
A total of 38 patients with moderate keratitis (involving 1/3 to 2/3 the stromal depth, and 3 to 6 mm in diameter) were seen during the study period. Of the 38 patients, 13 received superficial keratectomies within 1 week of admission, 20 patients received medical therapy only, and 5 patients were excluded due to follow-up of <3 months (Table 2). There were no significant differences between the two groups with respect to age, sex, involved eyes, location (central or periphery), baseline chronic diseases, smoking, and severity of the corneal ulcer. However, the baseline visual acuity of the medication group was statistically significantly worse than that of the surgery group.
Outcomes of the two groups are shown in Table 3, and specific data of the keratectomy group are presented in Table 4. In the keratectomy group, two patients had resolution of the corneal ulcer after keratectomy without the application of natamycin. In these patients the keratitis healed with re-epithelialization before the culture grew Fusarium sp. Topical antibiotics were switched to natamycin after culture results were available. Five patients had progression of keratitis after keratectomy that was successfully controlled with natamycin, and no patients experienced perforation or glaucoma.
In the medication group, eight patients exhibited stationary recovery of keratitis with medical therapy and 12 patients had progression of keratitis. Of the 12 patients with progression, four received amniotic membrane grafts as adjuvant therapy and four experienced microperforations and focal peripheral anterior synechiae and patch grafts were needed to seal the perforations. Increased intraocular pressure occurred in four patients due to inflammation of the disease process. Three patients had recurrence of keratitis that required readmission within 30 days.
Length of stay and clinical outcomes
The median hospital stay in the keratectomy and medication groups was 11.0 vs. 31.5 days (P<0.001). Significantly more patients were discharged home within 10 days after superficial keratectomy; five patients in the keratectomy group had a hospital stay of <10 days, but all patients in the medication group had a hospital stay >10 days (38.5% vs. 0%, respectively, P = 0.005). Disease duration and hospital bed fee were significantly lower in the study group (Table 3). The costs for adjuvant surgical procedures (amniotic membrane or patch grafts) were significantly lower in the keratectomy group (mean 0 vs. 900 NTD, P <0.001). The ward fee was also significantly lower in the keratectomy group (mean 15175.4 vs. 44159.5 NTD, P<0.001). Expenses for the operating room and surgical team were comparable between the groups.
Initial visual acuity ranged from hand motion to 1.0 in both groups, but final visual acuity was significantly decreased in the medication group (median log MAR 0.4 vs. 2.0, P<0.001). To account for the difference in baseline visual acuity, a linear regression model using the bootstrapping method with 60 repetitions was performed which showed that the final visual acuity of the keratectomy group was significantly better than the medication group (difference in logMAR = 1.05, (P = 0.001), a result similar to the unadjusted analysis. More patients in the medication group developed perforations than in the keratectomy group (20% vs. 0%, respectively) and the perforation-free rate was higher in those with early keratectomy, but the results did not obtain statistical significance (P = 0.093 by log-rank test) (Fig. 1). Four patients experienced secondary glaucoma and three had recurrence of Fusarium keratitis within 30 days in the medical treatment group, while no patients in the keratectomy group developed secondary glaucoma or recurrence.
Discussion
The management of keratitis varies depending on the severity at presentation. Ophthalmologists treat suspected infectious keratitis differently with various antibiotics, debridement, and/or keratectomy, and are more likely to forgo scrapings for Gram-staining and cultures when ulcers appear less severe [1]–[4], [12]–[13]. Less severe Fusarium keratitis cases are treated initially with antibiotics before culture results are available, and some may resolve before the application of antifungal medications because of the resolution of the superficial lesion from scraping and the possible antifungal effects of some antibiotics [14]–[17].
In moderate Fusarium keratitis, the infiltrate usually cannot be removed by scraping alone, and a superficial keratectomy with a Beaver blade or phototherapeutic keratectomy is needed in order to remove the stromal infiltrate as completely as possible [8], [18]. Debate about the treatment of moderate Fusarium keratitis centers around concern over the increased risk of corneal perforation after early keratectomy. Despite this concern, there are a number of reasons for performing early keratectomy in moderate Fusarium keratitis. There are few commercially available antifungal medications (as compared to the number available for bacterial keratitis), clinical drug sensitivity testing is not widely available, and the growth of fungi tends to be slower as compared to bacterial growth, making clinical judgment surrounding medication efficacy less efficient. The disease duration is longer in Fusarium keratitis, making the length of treatment and related drug toxicity a concern in the medical management of moderate Fusarium keratitis. In moderate Fusarium keratitis, the corneal infiltrates usually appear rough and dry in texture with distinct margins and little surrounding inflammation, making superficial keratectomy easy to perform. Lastly, the risk of progression of moderate to severe keratitis may occur within a few days in Fusarium keratitis, the most virulent species (Figure 2), leading to secondary cataract formation, glaucoma and perforation.
1. Clinical photographs of 57-year-old female. A) On presentation a corneal infiltrate with a feathery margin and anterior chamber inflammation were noted. Initial visual acuity was CF 30 cm. Initial debridement was performed. B) Progression of the keratitis 7 days later despite initial debridement. C) One month after superficial keratectomy and treatment with natamycin suspension. The ulcer was healed and best-corrected visual acuity was 0.7. 2. A 56-year-old female who presented with right eye pain 10 days after a foreign body injury. A) The paracentral corneal lesion appeared dry, rough, and elevated. Visual acuity 0.4. The other cornea was not inflamed. B) One week after superficial keratectomy, the lesion was healed and appeared thinned. Visual acuity 0.5. 3. A 66-year-old male. A) Central, fluffy corneal infiltration was noted on presentation. Visual acuity was hand motion. B) Three days later the infiltration had progressed with descementocele formation (C) despite topical natamycin therapy. He then received amniotic membrane transplantation as adjuvant therapy for the imminent perforation. D) Eleven months later a cataract surgery was performed and visual acuity remained counting fingers due to central scarring.
Fusarium keratitis most frequently occurs in tropical areas [19], [20]; however, an increasing prevalence has been noted in temperate climates, partly due to contact lens usage [9]. Most patients with superficial keratitis due to fungal origin respond to medical therapy, several antifungals have been found effective, and natamycin and voriconazole appear to forestall the need for surgical intervention [21], [22]. In contrast, almost 70% of patients with Fusarium keratitis with deep lesions do not respond to medical therapy alone. Fusarium solani is able to destroy an eye completely within a few weeks since the infection is usually severe; perforation, deep extension, and malignant glaucoma may supervene [8]. Rosa et al. [19] treated patients with superficial keratitis due to Fusarium solani with topical natamycin and those with deep lesions received topical natamycin and systemic antifungal medication. The average duration of treatment was 38 days and 22 (28%) patients ultimately required penetrating keratoplasty and enucleation was required in 1 patient. Alexandrakis et al. [23] reported that diagnostic corneal biopsy contributed significantly to the diagnosis, treatment, and outcome of patients with progressive infectious keratitis. A microorganism was isolated from 27 (82%) of 33 corneal biopsies, and Fusarium spp was one of the most common isolates in progressive keratitis.
The progression of Fusarium keratitis depends on the host as well as pathogenic factors [9], [24]–[30]. In this study, patients who received early keratectomy had shorter hospitalization stays and disease duration compared to those who did not. In moderate Fusarium keratitis, superficial keratectomy may aid in medical management by increasing drug penetration, by removing infected corneal tissue and subsequently reducing or eliminating the microbial load. In the present study, 13 study cases showed decreased inflammation after keratectomy at an early stage of moderate keratitis, without progression of ulcer or perforation or secondary glaucoma. Strategies for reducing perforation from fungal keratitis are important in Taiwan, where fungal keratitis accounts for 50% of corneal transplantations [31].
Surgery may be necessary when Fusarium keratitis responds poorly, or not at all, to medical therapy or when perforation is imminent [32], [33]. In the medical treatment group, four patients experienced microperforations and focal peripheral anterior synechiae and patch graft or therapeutic penetrating keratoplasty (PK) was needed to seal the perforation more than 2 weeks after admission, and three patients required readmission due to recurrence of Fusarium keratitis. Those complications of keratitis were primarily due to fungal keratitis refractory to treatment, leading to progression of a moderate Fusarium keratitis to a severe form. Fusarium keratitis is notorious for its recurrence after therapeutic PK [30], [34]. Furthermore, performance of early superficial keratectomy for moderate Fusarium keratitis, in lieu of corneal transplant surgery, could reduce the chance of intraocular extension during the acute infectious stage, and enable subsequent optical keratoplasty to be more successful.
Keay et al. [35] reported the major cost of treating microbial keratitis was hospital visits and hospital bed days and treating fungal keratitis is more expensive than treating bacterial keratitis. Hospital direct expenses were significantly lower in the early keratectomy group in the current study, mainly due to the decreased number of hospital days.
Possible biases and limitations of this study include that the data were examined retrospectively and that the study was conducted in a subspecialty clinic at a university hospital. Treatment was based on the personal preferences of the physicians (there were up to 8 specialty physicians treating patients during the study period) and whether or not the patient consented to surgery.
Conclusions
In this population of Taiwanese with moderate Fusarium keratitis, early keratectomy was associated with decreased short-term and long-term complication rates, and required fewer financial resources to treat fungal keratitis. Early keratectomy may be useful in the treatment of patients with moderate severity Fusarium keratitis.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank Dr. Kwan-Wu Chen, Chang Gung University and College of Technology, for his assistance with the statistical analysis.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: HCL. Performed the experiments: HCL HKM HCC. Analyzed the data: DTLT. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: HCL HKM HCC. Wrote the paper: HCL KWC. Statistic assistance: KWC JLL.
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