Irf2bp2a regulates terminal granulopoiesis through proteasomal degradation of Gfi1aa in zebrafish

Shuo Gao; Zixuan Wang; Luxiang Wang; Haihong Wang; Hao Yuan; Xiaohui Liu; Saijuan Chen; Zhu Chen; Hugues de Thé; Wenqing Zhang; Yiyue Zhang; Jun Zhu; Jun Zhou

doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1009693

Abstract

The ubiquitin-proteasome system plays important roles in various biological processes as it degrades the majority of cellular proteins. Adequate proteasomal degradation of crucial transcription regulators ensures the proper development of neutrophils. The ubiquitin E3 ligase of Growth factor independent 1 (GFI1), a key transcription repressor governing terminal granulopoiesis, remains obscure. Here we report that the deficiency of the ring finger protein Interferon regulatory factor 2 binding protein 2a (Irf2bp2a) leads to an impairment of neutrophils differentiation in zebrafish. Mechanistically, Irf2bp2a functions as a ubiquitin E3 ligase targeting Gfi1aa for proteasomal degradation. Moreover, irf2bp2a gene is repressed by Gfi1aa, thus forming a negative feedback loop between Irf2bp2a and Gfi1aa during neutrophils maturation. Different levels of GFI1 may turn it into a tumor suppressor or an oncogene in malignant myelopoiesis. Therefore, discovery of certain drug targets GFI1 for proteasomal degradation by IRF2BP2 might be an effective anti-cancer strategy.

Author summary

GFI1 is a key transcriptional repressor in hematopoiesis. The E3 ubiquitin ligase targeting GFI1 for proteasomal degradation remains obscure for many years. Here we show that the deficiency of the ring finger protein Irf2bp2a significantly impairs neutrophil maturation in zebrafish. Mechanistic studies reveal for the first time that instead of being a canonical transcription corepressor, Irf2bp2a functions as an E3 mediating the proteasomal degradation of Gfi1aa in neutrophil development.

Citation: Gao S, Wang Z, Wang L, Wang H, Yuan H, Liu X, et al. (2021) Irf2bp2a regulates terminal granulopoiesis through proteasomal degradation of Gfi1aa in zebrafish. PLoS Genet 17(8): e1009693. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1009693

Editor: Mary C. Mullins, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, UNITED STATES

Received: February 16, 2021; Accepted: July 2, 2021; Published: August 5, 2021

Copyright: © 2021 Gao et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Data Availability: All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting Information files.

Funding: This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China grant 31871471 to JZ (NSFC, http://www.nsfc.gov.cn/), and Shanghai Sailing Program grant 20YF1439700 to LW (STCSM, http://stcsm.sh.gov.cn/index.htm). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Introduction

The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) plays an important role in degrading the majority of cellular proteins [1]. Ubiquitination includes three steps in cascade: activation, conjugation, and ligation, which are performed by ubiquitin-activating enzymes (E1s), ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2s), and ubiquitin ligases (E3s), respectively. This sequential cascade eventually marks substrate proteins for degradation via the 26S proteasome and a crucial role of E3s is the specific recognition of substrates [2]. 500–1000 ubiquitin E3 ligases exist in humans which are classified into four families: RING finger, HECT, U box, and PHD finger [2].

Human Interferon regulatory factor 2 binding protein 2 (IRF2BP2) belongs to IRF2BP family which is composed of three members—IRF2BP1, IRF2BP2, and IRF2BPL [3]. The highly conserved IRF2BP family is structurally characterized by an N-terminal C4 type zinc finger motif which mediates homo- or hetero-dimerization/multimerization between different IRF2BP family members, and a C-terminal C3HC4 type ring finger motif that interacts with partner proteins [3]. Mostly, IRF2BP2 was described as a transcription corepressor for multiple partners including IRF2, NFAT1, and ETO2 [4–6]. Apart from transcription cofactor, the presence of the ring finger also enables the IRF2BP family members to function as a ubiquitin E3 ligase [7].

Hematopoiesis is the process by which pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) proliferate and differentiate into a repertoire of mature blood cells [8]. Various growth factors that stimulate cell proliferation and transcription factors activate and/or repress lineage-specific genes cooperate to regulate hematopoiesis [9]. Zinc finger protein growth factor independent 1 (GFI1) is a transcriptional repressor that plays diverse roles in normal and malignant hematopoiesis [10]. The human GFI1 encodes a 55-kD nuclear protein containing an N-terminal SNAG motif necessary for transcriptional repression, and six consecutive C-terminal zinc finger motifs indispensable for DNA binding and interaction with partners [11,12]. An intermediate domain exists between the SNAG and zinc finger motifs, which can also bind proteins [10]. Mutations in GFI1 gene can result in severe congenital neutropenia (SCN), and nonimmune chronic idiopathic neutropenia of adults in an autosomal dominant manner, which enhances the predisposition to leukemias [13–15].

It has been reported that the protein level of GFI1 is regulated by UPS in different cellular processes [16,17]. During myeloid differentiation, GFI1 protein is rapidly degraded by the 26S proteasome in mature granulocytes, whereas it is much more stable in monocytes [16]. In neuronal cells, ATAXIN-1 (ATX1) was shown to interact with GFI1 and enhance its proteasomal degradation [17]. Yet, ATX1 has never been described as an E3 ubiquitin ligase. In HEK293 cells, the knockdown of endogenous TRIAD1 could increase GFI1 ubiquitination, implying that TRIAD1 might compete with an unidentified E3 ubiquitin ligase that promotes GFI1 for proteasomal degradation [18]. In addition, ubiquitin ligase FBXW7 has been shown to mediate the phosphorylation-dependent ubiquitination and degradation of GFI1 in gastric cancer cells [19].

In the current study, we demonstrate that the deficiency of irf2bp2a significantly impairs the maturation of neutrophils in zebrafish. Mechanistic studies reveal for the first time that instead of being a canonical transcription corepressor, Irf2bp2a functions as a ubiquitin E3 ligase in neutrophils development. A series of in vivo and in vitro evidence indicate that the transcription repressor Gfi1aa is the protein substrate of Irf2bp2a. Moreover, irf2bp2a gene can be repressed by Gfi1aa, thus forming a negative feedback loop that ensures an adequate Gfi1aa level to maintain proper neutrophils differentiation.

Results

Generation of an irf2bp2a-deficient zebrafish line

Two irf2bp2 paralogs named irf2bp2a and irf2bp2b exist in zebrafish, which are both expressed in myeloid cells [20]. Recently, we have demonstrated that the loss of irf2bp2b resulted in a bias in neutrophils-macrophage progenitors (NMPs) cell fate choice favoring macrophages at the expense of neutrophils [20]. Mechanistically, the promoter of pu.1, one primary determinant of NMPs cell fate choice, was directly repressed by SUMOylated Irf2bp2b. Once irf2bp2b was mutated, the aberrant upregulation of pu.1 ultimately led to the biased myelopoiesis, and the injection of wild type irf2bp2b mRNA could effectively rescue the defective myelopoiesis [20]. Intriguingly, although the functional domains of zebrafish Irf2bp2a and Irf2bp2b are nearly identical, irf2bp2a mRNA could not display the same rescue effect as irf2bp2b mRNA [20], implying their functions could be distinct.

To elucidate the roles of irf2bp2a in hematopoiesis, an irf2bp2a mutant line was generated using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Five nucleotides were deleted, which created a truncated protein containing only 122 amino acids by frameshifting (Fig 1A and 1B). A plasmid expressing the mutant irf2bp2a gene was transfected into HEK293 cells, and a short protein with predicted molecular weight was detected by western blot analysis (Fig 1C). Moreover, the Irf2bp2a mutant protein was shown to be located in the cytoplasm upon loss of the nuclear localization signal (NLS) [21] by immunofluorescence analysis (Fig 1D).

Download:

Fig 1. The establishment of a zebrafish irf2bp2a knockout line.

(A) Schematic representation of Cas9 target site in the first exon of zebrafish irf2bp2a. The deleted nucleotides in the mutant gene are marked by hyphens. (B) Schematic representation of wild type (493 amino acids) and mutant Irf2bp2a proteins (122 amino acids). The site where the frameshift was introduced is marked by triangles. (C) Western blot analysis of FLAG-tagged wild type and mutant Irf2bp2a proteins expressed in HEK293 cells. (D) Immunofluorescence analysis of FLAG-tagged wild type (top panel) and mutant Irf2bp2a (bottom panel) proteins, demonstrating that the truncated protein lost its nuclear localization. Scale bar, 10 μm.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1009693.g001

Deficiency of zebrafish irf2bp2a specifically impairs neutrophils differentiation

Like mammalian hematopoiesis, zebrafish hematopoiesis is composed of primitive and definitive waves which emerge sequentially in distinct anatomical sites [22,23]. The rostral blood island (RBI) produces primitive myeloid cells [24], whereas the intermediate cell mass (ICM) gives rise to primitive erythrocytes and some neutrophils [25]. Definitive pluripotent HSCs generating all blood cell types arise in the ventral wall of the dorsal aorta (VDA), the zebrafish equivalent of the aorta/gonad/mesonephros (AGM) of mammals, then migrate through the caudal hematopoietic tissue (CHT) to the thymus and kidney marrow [26–29].

Whole-mount mRNA in situ hybridization (WISH) analysis conducted with a series of hematopoietic markers in irf2bp2a-deficient embryos revealed that the RBI derived primitive myeloid cells were unaffected (S1A–S1C’, S1N Fig). Meanwhile, the primitive erythrocytes originated from ICM also kept intact (S1D–S1H’ Fig). During definitive hematopoiesis, the normal specification of hematopoietic stem progenitor cells (HSPCs) was defined by the HSPCs related marker c-myb (S1M, S1M’, S1N Fig). Moreover, the preserved expression of erythroid, monocytic/macrophagic, and lymphoid markers, indicated these cells also developed normally (S1I–1L’, S1N Fig).

The only defect observed in irf2bp2a-deficient embryos was restricted to neutrophils lineage. A dramatic reduction of several neutrophil markers including myeloperoxidase (mpx) [30], lysozyme C (lyz) [24,31], and c/ebp1[24,32], was observed from 22 hours post-fertilization (hpf) to 5 days post-fertilization (dpf) by WISH (Fig 2A–2G’ and 2J). Such defective neutrophil development was further confirmed in irf2bp2a^-/-//Tg(mpx:eGFP) embryos and by Sudan Black (SB) staining [24] (Fig 2H–2I’ and 2K). It is worth noting that the signal intensity per cell for GFP and SB staining of the neutrophils in irf2bp2a-deficient embryos was weaker than that in siblings, implying these neutrophils might not be fully differentiated. The remaining mpx⁺ cells were isolated from irf2bp2a mutant embryos by flow cytometry (FACS), and quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis revealed that the expression level of c/ebpα, c/ebp1 and pu.1 (critical transcription factors implicated in terminal granulopoiesis), as well as mpx and lyz (neutrophils granule proteins) were significantly reduced compared to wild type siblings (Fig 2L). Since irf2bp2a^-/- zebrafish could survive into adulthood, FACS analyses were performed with the whole kidney marrow (WKM) samples harvested from wild type Tg(mpx:eGFP) and irf2bp2a^-/-//Tg(mpx:eGFP) lines in adults. Myeloid population (R5 gate) could be distinguished based on its characteristic scatter profile. Not only the percentage of mpx⁺ cells in R5 gate (87.1% vs 51.8%), but also the signal intensity of GFP were sharply decreased in irf2bp2a^-/-//Tg(mpx:eGFP) zebrafish compared to wild type siblings by fluorescence analysis (Fig 2M and 2N). In line with these observations, similar decreased expression of c/ebpα, c/ebp1, pu.1, mpx and lyz was found in mpx⁺ cells isolated from R5 gate by RT-qPCR analysis (S2 Fig). Meanwhile, morphological analysis by May-Grünwald Giemsa staining displayed a profound reduction of mature neutrophils in irf2bp2a mutants (37.3% vs 21.6%) (Fig 2O and 2P). Combining the data above, a conclusion could be drawn that the differentiation of neutrophils was severely impaired in irf2bp2a^-/- zebrafish.

Download:

Fig 2. Deficiency of irf2bp2a specifically impairs neutrophils maturation in embryonic and adult zebrafish.

(A-G’) WISH analyses of neutrophils markers mpx (A, A’, C-D’), c/ebp1 (B, B’), lyz (E-G’) from 22 hpf to 5 dpf in wild type (WT) and irf2bp2a-deficient embryos. Grey boxes and red arrows indicate the main position of positive cells for each marker. n/n, number of embryos showing representative phenotype/total number of embryos examined. (H, H’) GFP positive cells are decreased in irf2bp2a^-/-//Tg(mpx:eGFP) embryos at 2 dpf. (I, I’) Sudan Black positive cells are reduced in irf2bp2a-deficient embryos at 3 dpf. (J) Statistical results for A-G’ (Student t test, N = 5, 16–30 embryos were used for each probe. Each dot represents the mean value of one experiment, which was obtained from the counts of all of the embryos in the same group. Error bars represent mean ± SEM. ***P < 0.001, ****P <0.0001, *****P < 0.00001). (K) Statistical results for H-I’ (Student t test, N = 6, 16–22 embryos were used for each experiment. Each dot represents the mean value of one experiment. Error bars represent mean ± SEM. ****P < 0.0001, *****P <0.00001). (L) Quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis of neutrophils differentiation-related genes in GFP positive cells enriched from Tg(mpx:eGFP) and irf2bp2a^-/-//Tg(mpx:eGFP) embryos at 2 dpf. To determine the relative expression rate, data were normalized to the expression level of WT groups (which were set to 1.0) after normalized to the internal control of β-actin (Student t test, N = 5. Error bars represent mean ± SEM. ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001). (M) FACS analysis of GFP positive cells within the R5 gate of WKMs in four-month-old wild type Tg(mpx:eGFP) (left panel) and irf2bp2a^-/-//Tg(mpx:eGFP) zebrafish (right panel). (N) Statistical results for M in wild type Tg(mpx:eGFP) and irf2bp2a^-/-//Tg(mpx:eGFP) zebrafish. (Student t test, N = 5, each time 1 male and 1 female were used in the WT group and 2 males and 2 females were used in the mutant group. Error bars represent mean ± SEM. **P < 0.01). (O) May-Grünwald Giemsa staining of mpx⁺ neutrophilss isolated from R5 gate of irf2bp2a^-/-//Tg(mpx:eGFP) mutants and siblings. Scale bar, 10 μm. (P) 500 cytospin-collected GFP⁺ cells were counted on slides. Immature and mature neutrophils were distinguished and quantitated by morphology, and the proportion of mature neutrophils was compared between WT and mutant groups (Student t test, N = 3. Error bars represent mean ± SEM. **P < 0.01).

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1009693.g002

The injection with specific irf2bp2a morpholino (MO) could exactly phenocopy the aberrant neutrophils development presented in irf2bp2a^-/- embryos (S3 Fig). In addition, all of the impairments in irf2bp2a^-/- and morphant embryos could be effectively rescued with the wild type irf2bp2a mRNA, thus confirming the specificity of the defective phenotype.

Irf2bp2a acts as a potential ubiquitin E3 ligase, rather than a canonical transcription corepressor, in regulating the development of neutrophils

IRF2BP2 was elucidated as a transcription corepressor in different biological systems. The C-terminal ring finger motif of IRF2BP2 mediates the binding with its interacting transcription factors [4,5], whereas the N-terminal zinc finger motif enables the homo or hetero-dimerization/multimerization between different IRF2BP2 family members [3]. In addition, since C4 zinc finger is found in DNA binding domain (DBD) of transcription factors including GATA, RAR and RXR [33,34], the possibility that IRF2BP2 functions as a transcription factor could not be ruled out. Recently, we have demonstrated that the C4 zinc finger is required for Irf2bp2b to repress pu.1 expression through direct binding to its promoter [20]. Moreover, the post-translational modification—SUMOylation on a conserved lysine at the C-terminus of Irf2bp2b is pivotal for its transcriptional repression [20].

To investigate how Irf2bp2a regulates neutrophils maturation, several critical cysteines within the C4 zinc finger and C3HC4 ring finger were mutated respectively (C14/17A and C409/413A, named ZM and RM thereafter) as previously reported [20] (Fig 3A). For the Irf2bp2a ZM mutant, the multimerization and DNA binding properties were both abolished. Based on it that, the tetramerization motif of human P53 (amino acids 324–355) was fused in frame (tet-ZM), therefore restoring the multimerization capacity of this mutant [20]. For the RM mutant, the interaction with partners was interrupted. We also constructed an Irf2bp2a K486R mutant, of which the conserved SUMOylation site was mutated, thus the repression capacity was abrogated.

Download:

Fig 3. Polymerization and potential ubiquitin E3 ligase function are indispensable for Irf2bp2a in regulating the differentiation of neutrophilss.

(A) Structure, missing function and rescue effect of wild type and variant forms of Irf2bp2a. (B-J) Irf2bp2a mRNA rescue assays in irf2bp2a^-/- embryos. Mpx probe was used in WISH to examine rescue effect with wild irf2bp2a (D), ZM (E), Δzinc finger (F), tet-ZM (G), RM (H), Δring finger (I) and K486R mutant (J) mRNA injections. (K) The statistical significance was calculated by using one-way ANOVA. The statistical significance was calculated using 1-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett T3 correction. The asterisk indicates a statistical difference (N = 5, 15–25 embryos were used for each experiment. Each dot represents the mean value of one experiment. Error bars represent mean ± SEM. ns: no statistical significance; ***P < 0.001).

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1009693.g003

In vivo rescue assays were performed with a series of mutant mRNAs as described above. The ZM mutant did not display any rescue effect, whereas the tet-ZM mutant had a significant rescue effect as wild type irf2bp2a mRNA (Fig 3B–3G and 3K). These results suggest that the polymerization, rather than the DNA binding property of the C4 zinc finger, is indispensable. Similar to the ZM mutant, RM mutant failed to rescue the defects in irf2bp2a^-/- zebrafish (Fig 3H and 3I and 3K). Nevertheless, the K486R mutant could efficiently rescue the defects (Fig 3J and 3K), implying that Irf2bp2a might no longer be a canonical transcription corepressor. Except protein binding, ring finger is a characteristic domain with ubiquitin E3 ligase activity, we thus postulated that Irf2bp2a would be a potential E3 on the regulation of n.

Irf2bp2a mediates the ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of transcription repressor Gfi1aa

C/EBPα, C/EBPε, and PU.1 are three critical transcription factors implicated in neutrophils maturation [35–37]. Since the transcription levels of c/ebpα, c/ebp1 (the ortholog of C/EBPε) and pu.1 were all downregulated in irf2bp2a-deficient neutrophils, certain suppressors might accumulate upon loss of Irf2bp2a, which in turn impedes the maturation of neutrophils.

Transcription repressor GFI1 is a master regulator involved in both normal myeloid development and MDS/AML pathogenesis [38]. C/EBPα, C/EBPε and PU.1 have been demonstrated to be repressed by GFI1 in different cellular context [16,39–41]. We performed the luciferase activity assay on the promoters of zebrafish c/ebpα, c/ebp1, and pu.1 [20] respectively. The results indicated that Gfi1aa exhibited a significant repression effect on all of the three promoters (Fig 4A).

Download:

Fig 4. Irf2bp2a targets the transcription repressor Gfi1aa for ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation.

(A) Luciferase reporter assay. Bars showed the relative luciferase activity on the zebrafish c/ebpα promoter (-2.0 kb), c/ebp1 promoter (-2.1 kb), and pu.1 promoter (-1.7 kb) (Student t test, N = 3. Error bars represent mean ± SEM. **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001). (B) Western blot analysis (anti-FLAG and anti-HA) of FLAG-Irf2bp2a, FLAG-Irf2bp2a RM, and HA-Gfi1aa expressed in HEK293 cells. The proteasome inhibitor MG132 (2.5 μM) was used to inhibit the degradation of ubiquitinated proteins. Equal protein amounts for each sample were loaded (anti-Actin). (C) HA-Gfi1aa protein was immunoprecipitated (IP) with an anti-HA antibody from HEK293 cells co-expressing Ubiquitin and FLAG-Irf2bp2a. Many more adducts of Ubiquitin were detected by western blot with an anti-Ubiquitin antibody. (D) WISH assay of mpx in WT, irf2bp2a^-/- mutant embryos, wild type and irf2bp2a^-/- mutant embryos injected with gfi1aa MO, gfi1aa^-/- embryos, and gfi1aa^-/- embryos injected with irf2bp2a MO. (E) Statistic result for D. The statistical significance was calculated by using one-way ANOVA. The asterisk indicates a statistical difference (N = 5, 19–30 embryos were used for each experiment. Each dot represents the mean value of one experiment. Error bars represent mean ± SEM. **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001).

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1009693.g004

Based on these observations, we postulated that Gfi1 is a bona fide substrate of Irf2bp2a. To test this hypothesis, the gfi1aa gene (the zebrafish ortholog of mammalian GFI1) [42] was first cloned into an HA-tagged expressing vector, and transfected into HEK293 cells with or without FLAG-tagged irf2bp2a plasmid co-transfection. Western blot analysis indicated that Gfi1aa protein disappeared in the presence of Irf2bp2a, but was restored when treated with proteasome inhibitor MG132 (Fig 4B). By contrast, Gfi1aa protein existed with co-transfection of Irf2bp2a RM without MG132 treatment (Fig 4B). Next, additional experiments were performed to further confirm the effect of Irf2bp2a on Gfi1aa ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. HEK293 cells were transfected with HA-Gfi1aa, Ubiquitin (Ub), and with or without FLAG-Irf2bp2a. After immunoprecipitation (IP) with an anti-HA antibody, western blot detected by anti-Ubiquitin revealed that pull-downed Gfi1aa protein was intensively ubiquitinated in the presence of Irf2bp2a (Fig 4C), indicating Gfi1aa is a real protein substrate of Irf2bp2a for ubiquitination.

To further demonstrate that Irf2bp2a regulates neutrophils development through degrading Gfi1aa, a series of in vivo assays was carried out. An obvious rescue effect could be obtained with gfi1aa MO in irf2bp2a mutants (Fig 4D and 4E). Moreover, we took advantage of a zebrafish gfi1aa knockout line. Intriguingly, all of the neutrophil markers downregulated in our irf2bp2a^-/- embryos were found to be profoundly elevated in gfi1aa^-/- mutants (Figs 4D and 4E and S4). Note that no alleviation could be observed in gfi1aa^-/- embryos injected with irf2bp2a MO compared to gfi1aa^-/- mutant, implying that gfi1aa is the downstream of irf2bp2a (Fig 4D and 4E).

Taken together, these findings indicate that zebrafish Irf2bp2a functions as a ubiquitin E3 ligase of transcription repressor Gfi1aa in regulating the differentiation of neutrophils.

Irf2bp2a gene is repressed by Gfi1aa

A series of neutrophil markers were decreased upon loss of irf2bp2a. By contrast, a reverse phenotype emerged once irf2bp2a mRNA was injected into wild type embryos. These observations suggested that the endogenous level of irf2bp2a must be tuned to a proper range to ensure normal neutrophil development. Since GFI1 is a potent transcription repressor, we questioned whether Gfi1aa could inhibit the expression of irf2bp2a.

To test this hypothesis, irf2bp2a promoter was analyzed by bioinformatics and a dozen of putative Gfi1 binding sites were predicted. The predicted zebrafish irf2bp2a -2.1 kb promoter was cloned into a luciferase reporter vector, and cotransfected with either an empty vector or a gfi1aa expressing vector. The result showed that the luciferase expression was significantly repressed by Gfi1aa (Fig 5A). Moreover, an in vivo chromatin immunoprecipitation PCR (CHIP-PCR) analysis was conducted in zebrafish embryos expressing GFP, Gfi1aa-GFP, or Gfi1aa Δzinc finger-GFP using an anti-GFP antibody. The results showed that the promoter region of irf2bp2a could be specifically co-immunoprecipitated (co-IP) with Gfi1aa-GFP (Fig 5B). In addition, mpx⁺ cells were enriched from gfi1aa-deficient embryos by FACS, and RT-qPCR analysis showed that the transcript level of irf2bp2a was much higher than that of siblings (Fig 5C).

Download:

Fig 5. Irf2bp2a gene is repressed by Gfi1aa.

(A) Luciferase reporter assay. Bars showed the relative luciferase activity on the zebrafish irf2bp2a promoter (-2.1 kb) (Student t test, N = 3. Error bars represent mean ± SEM. ***P < 0.001). (B) CHIP-PCR analysis of irf2bp2a promoter in zebrafish embryos expressing GFP, Gfi1aa-GFP or Gfi1aa-Δzinc finger-GFP using an anti-GFP antibody. The statistical significance was calculated by using one-way ANOVA. The asterisk indicates a statistical difference (N = 4. Error bars represent mean ± SEM. ns: not statistically significant, ****P < 0.0001). (C) irf2bp2a relative expression level analyzed by quantitative PCR in GFP-positive cells sorted from control Tg(mpx:eGFP) embryos and gfi1aa MO injected Tg(mpx:eGFP) morphants at 2 dpf (Student t test, N = 5. Error bars represent mean ± SEM. ****P < 0.0001).

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1009693.g005

In summary, the data suggests that a negative circuit exists in Irf2bp2a-Gfi1aa axis during zebrafish neutrophil differentiation.

Discussion

Accumulating evidence indicates that proper turnover of cellular proteins plays important roles in normal and malignant hematopoiesis [43,44]. GFI1 is a key regulator implicated in multilineage hematopoietic cell development [10]. It has been reported that in granulocytes, the mRNA level of GFI1 is high, whereas the protein level is relatively low due to rapid proteasomal degradation [16]. However, the specific ubiquitin E3 ligase mediating GFI1 degradation involved in granulopoiesis has not been identified. In the current study, we demonstrate that Irf2bp2a serves as an E3 ligase of Gfi1aa during zebrafish neutrophil differentiation. Although irf2bp2a is ubiquitously expressed in a variety of blood cell types, its expression in neutrophils is more prominent. In line with the expression pattern, only the development of neutrophils, but not other lineages, is affected in irf2bp2a-deficient zebrafish, which is reflected by a series of normal lineage specific markers in embryos and normal populations of erythrocytes (R1 and R2 gates), lymphocytes (R3 gate), and immature precursors (R4 gate) in adults (S5 Fig).

Ring finger of Irf2bp2a is a characteristic domain with ubiquitin E3 ligase activity. Since the ring finger domain in zebrafish Irf2bp2a and Irf2bp2b proteins is nearly identical, similar degradation effect on Gfi1aa was observed in HEK293 cells expressing Irf2bp2a or Irf2bp2b. However, the consequence of the in vivo deficiency of irf2bp2a extremely differs from that of irf2bp2b in myelopoiesis. While only neutrophil lineage is impaired in irf2bp2a mutants, neutrophils and macrophage lineages are simultaneously affected upon loss of irf2bp2b. Mechanistically, Irf2bp2a acts as an E3 of Gfi1aa in regulating the differentiation of neutrophils, whereas SUMOylated Irf2bp2b functions as a transcription repressor to inhibit pu.1 expression in NMP cell fate choice [20]. Such discrepancy of Irf2bp2a and Irf2bp2b is evidenced by the different requirement of the ring finger domain and SUMOylation in in vivo rescue assays [20].

The neutrophil population is impaired in our irf2bp2a-deficient zebrafish, intriguingly, similar defect was also found in Gfi1-deficient mice [45]. Nevertheless, the mechanisms might be quite different. The observations from mice and humans [45,46] implied that the defective neutrophil population is probably due to a bias in NMPs cell fate in favor of macrophages at the expense of neutrophils, in which the expression of Gfi1 target genes such as Egr1/2, Nab2, Csf1 and its receptor Csf1r are aberrantly increased. Yet, the defective neutrophil population in zebrafish is due to the accumulated non-degradable Gfi1aa protein, which in turn inhibits the expression of transcription factors involved in neutrophil maturation such as c/ebpα, c/ebp1, and pu.1.

In the human genome there is only one IRF2BP2 gene, which produces two isoforms also known as IRF2BP2a and IRF2BP2b due to alternative splicing. Compared with IRF2BP2b, an additional sequence (sixteen amino acids long) is located within the intermediate domain of IRF2BP2a [47]. Like zebrafish Gfi1aa, human GFI1 was also degraded in HEK293 cells expressing either IRF2BP2a or IRF2BP2b (S6 Fig), suggesting a similar IRF2BP2/GFI1 relationship might exist in the human scenario. HL60, a human promyelocytic leukemia cell line, can be induced to differentiate toward granulocytes with ATRA. It has been reported that in an in vitro degradation experiment, ³⁵S-labeled GFI1 protein could be efficiently degraded with lysate from HL60 cells treated with ATRA [16]. Our RT-qPCR analyses reveal that IRF2BP2a and IRF2BP2b are both expressed in HL60 cells, and their transcription levels are increasingly upregulated as cells differentiate (S7 Fig), which implies that similar GFI1 degradation events might also happen during terminal granulopoiesis in human cells.

Hundreds of E3 enzymes specifically recognize substrates that are destined for ubiquitination in a repertoire of cellular proteins [2]. Sometimes different ligases share the same substrate [48,49]. It has been reported that the knockdown of endogenous TRIAD1 in HEK293 cells leads to increased GFI1 ubiquitination, implying that TRIAD1 can inhibit the turnover of GFI1 through competition with an unidentified E3 [18]. To elucidate whether IRF2BP2 is such unknown E3, we over-expressed TRIAD1, GFI1, and IRF2BP2 in HEK293 cells. Even in the presence of abundant TRIAD1, GFI1 protein was still degraded by IRF2BP2 (S8 Fig). It has been also reported that the phosphorylated GFI1 is a substrate of SCF-type ubiquitin ligase FBXW7 in gastric cancer cells. All of these observations suggest that GFI1 would be targeted by different E3s, probably in a tissue specific manner.

Materials and methods

Ethics statement

The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Rui Jin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine. All animal work was approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of Shanghai Jiao Tong University.

Zebrafish maintenance and mutant generation

Zebrafish were raised, bred, and staged according to standard protocols [50]. The following strains were used: AB, Tg(mpx:GFP)rj30 (ZFIN database). For CRISPR9 mediated irf2bp2a knockout zebrafish generation, guide RNA (gRNA) targeting exon1 of irf2bp2a was designed using an online tool ZiFiT Targeter software (http://zifit.partners.org/ZiFiT), which was synthesized by cloning the annealed oligonucleotides into the gRNA transcription vector. Cas9 mRNA and gRNA were co-injected into one-cell stage zebrafish embryos. The injected F0 founder embryos were raised to adulthood and then outcrossed with wild type zebrafish. F1 embryos carrying potential indel mutations were raised to adulthood. Then PCR amplification and sequencing were performed on genomic DNA isolated from tail clips of F1 zebrafish to identify mutants.

Whole-mount in situ hybridization (WISH)

Digoxigenin-labeled RNA probes were transcribed with T7, T3 or SP6 polymerase (Ambion, Life Technologies, USA). WISH was performed as described previously [51]. The probes labeled by digoxigenin were detected using alkaline phosphatase coupled anti-digoxigenin Fab fragment antibody (Roche) with 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-phosphate nitro blue tetrazolium staining (Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA, USA).

15–30 embryos were used for each probe. The positive signals were counted under a microscope, and the mean value was obtained from the counts of all of the embryos in the same group.

Sudan Black staining

The embryos treated with 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA) overnight at 4°C were incubated with a Sudan Black (Sigma-Aldrich) solution for about 30 minutes to detect the granules of granulocytes. The detailed method was described previously [52]. Staining was then observed under a microscope.

FACS analysis, cell collection and May-Grünwald-Giemsa staining

FACS analysis and cell collection were performed as described [53]. Wild type Tg(mpx:eGFP) and irf2bp2a^-/-//Tg(mpx:eGFP) embryos were dissociated into single cells using 0.05% trypsin (Sigma) as previously described [54] at 48 hpf. These dissociated cells were passed through a 40-μm mesh, centrifuged at 450g, and suspended in 5% FBS/PBS before addition of propidium iodide to a final concentration of 1 μg/ml for exclusion of dead cells. Wild type zebrafish (without GFP) were used as blank to determine the background values in GPF-controls. The GFP⁺ cells of each group were collected from a total of ~3000 embryos using a FACS Vantage flow cytometer (Beckton Dickenson) (~1000 embryos once, performed 3 times). For the whole kidney marrow (WKM) samples, FACS analysis was based on forward and side scatter characteristics, propidium iodide exclusion and GFP fluorescence. The GFP⁺ cells in R5 gate was enriched from WKM samples of wild type Tg(mpx:eGFP) and irf2bp2a^-/-//Tg(mpx:eGFP) zebrafish (from four to seven-month-old, two to four WKMs were collected from each zebrafish line of the same age, performed 3 times). Immature and mature neutrophils were counted by MGG staining with cytospin-collected cells on slides.

Quantitative RT-PCR

The quantitative PCR was carried out with SYBR Green Real-time PCR Master Mix (TOYOBO) with ABI 7900HT real-time PCR machine and analyzed with Prism software. β-actin was served as the internal control. The primers used are listed in S1 Table. Each time a different batch of samples was used. The expression levels of each interested gene were normalized to internal control β-actin by real-time qPCR and compared with WT group which was set to 1.0. Real time qPCR was performed with gene specific primers and gene expression levels were analyzed by comparative CT method.

Plasmid construction

Zebrafish irf2bp2a gene and its serial mutants were cloned into PCS2⁺ vector. For the luciferase reporter, the -2.0 kb promoter of zebrafish c/ebpα gene, -2.1 kb promoter of zebrafish c/ebp1 gene, and the -2.1 kb promoter of zebrafish irf2bp2a gene were cloned into the PGL3 basic vector (Promega, Madison, WI, USA). Primers used were listed in S1 Table.

Morpholino and mRNA synthesis for microinjection

Zebrafish irf2bp2a (5’-ACGACATCGCTCTCTCTCGGGCGAA-3’) and gfi1aa (5’-GTAAACATGCCGAGGTCATTTTTGG-3’) morpholino oligonucleotides (MO) targeting the transcriptional initiation ATG of irf2bp2a and gfi1aa was designed and purchased from Gene Tools. Full-length capped mRNA samples were all synthesized from linearized plasmids using the mMessage mMachine SP6 kit (Invitrogen, Thermo Fisher, USA). Microinjection concentration of mRNA was between 50–200 ng/μl and 2 nl of mRNA was injected at one-cell stage embryos. All injections were performed with a Harvard Apparatus micro-injector.

Cell culture and luciferase reporter assay

HEK293 cells were maintained in DMEM (Life technologies, Grand Island, NY, USA) with 10% Fetal Bovine Serum (Life technologies, Grand Island, NY, USA). Plasmid transfection was carried out with Effectene Transfection Reagent (QIAGEN) according to manufacturer’s instruction. For the luciferase reporter assay, cells were harvested 48 hours after transfection and analyzed using the Dual Luciferase Reporter Assay Kit (Promega, Maddison, WI, USA), according to the manufacturer’s protocols. Primers used were listed in S1 Table.

Western blot and co-immunoprecipitation assay

HEK293 cells, which had been transfected with plasmids for 48 hours, were washed with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) buffer for 1 minute 3 times. Lysates were prepared using RIPA lysis buffer (Beyotime, Shanghai, China) with proteinase inhibitor (Roche, Basel, Switzerland), after shaking on ice for 30 minutes, the cells were harvested and centrifuged at 15,000 × g for 30 min. Rabbit anti-HA antibody (Santa Cruz) was mixed with the protein-G-agarose beads (30 μl) in the supernatant at 4°C overnight. The beads were prepared by centrifugation and washed three times with RIPA lysis buffer. Proteins binding to the beads were eluted by adding 30 μl of 2× SDS sample buffer and analyzed by immunoblotting using an anti-ubiquitin antibody (Santa Cruz).

Chromatin immunoprecipitation PCR (ChIP-PCR)

For ChIP analysis, GFP, GFP-Gfi1aa or GFP-Gfi1aa Δzinc finger mutant expressing embryos were harvested at 48 hpf for brief fixation. Cross-linked chromatin was immunoprecipitated with anti-GFP antibody according to the procedure described [55]. The resultant immunoprecipitated samples were subjected to quantitative PCR using primer pairs (S1 Table).

Cell line and treatment

HL60 cells were maintained in 1640 (Life technologies, Grand Island, NY, USA) with 10% Fetal Bovine Serum (Life technologies, Grand Island, NY, USA). HL60 cells were treated with 1 μM of ATRA (Sigma Aldrich) for 48 and 72 hours.

Statistical analysis

Data were analyzed by SPSS software (version 20) using two tailed Student t test for comparisons between two groups and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) among multiple groups. Differences were considered significant at P<0.05. Data are expressed as mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM).

Supporting information

S1 Fig. Expression of lineage specific markers during primitive and definitive hematopoiesis stages in irf2bp2a-deficient embryos.

(A-C’) WISH analyses of neutrophil markers c/ebp1 (A, A’), mpx (B, B’), and early embryonic macrophage marker mfap4 (C, C’) at 22 hpf in RBI in wild type (WT) and irf2bp2a-deficient embryos, respectively. n/n, number of embryos showing representative phenotype/total number of embryos examined. (D-H’) WISH analyses of scl (the key transcription factor initiating primitive hematopoiesis) (D, D’), erythroid markers gata1 (E, E’), hbαe1 (F, F’), band3 (G, G’) and alas2 (H-H’) in ICM at 22 hpf. (I-M’) WISH analyses of erythroid marker hbαe1 (I, I’), monocyte and macrophage markers mfap4 (J, J’) and csf1r (K, K’), lymphoid marker rag1 (L, L’), HSPC marker c-myb (M, M’) in VDA and CHT from 2 dpf to 5 dpf. (N) Statistical results for A-C’, J-K’, and M-M’ (Student t test, N = 5, 15–27 embryos were used for each experiment. Error bars represent mean ± SEM. ns: not statistically significant).

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1009693.s001

(TIF)

S2 Fig. Quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis of neutrophil differentiation-related genes including c/ebpα, c/ebp1, pu.1, mpx, and lyz in GFP positive cells enriched from Tg(mpx:eGFP) and irf2bp2a^-/-//Tg(mpx:eGFP) WKM samples.

To determine the relative expression rate, data were normalized to the expression level of WT groups (which were set to 1.0) after normalized to the internal control of β-actin. Student t test, N = 3. Error bars represent mean ± SEM. **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1009693.s002

(TIF)

S3 Fig. Expression of neutrophil markers in irf2bp2a MO injected embryos.

(A-C’) WISH analyses of mpx (A-B’) and lyz (C, C’) in wild type (WT) and irf2bp2a MO injected embryos. n/n, number of embryos showing representative phenotype/total number of embryos examined. (D) Statistical results for A-C’ (Student t test, N = 5, 19–25 embryos were used for each experiment. Error bars represent mean ± SEM. ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001. (E, E’) WISH analyses of mpx in irf2bp2a MO injected embryos, irf2bp2a MO and irf2bp2a mRNA co-injection embryos. (F) Statistical results for E and E’ (Student t test, N = 5, 19–21 embryos were used for each experiment. Error bars represent mean ± SEM. *P < 0.1.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1009693.s003

(TIF)

S4 Fig. Quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis of neutrophil differentiation-related genes including c/ebpα, c/ebp1, pu.1, mpx, and lyz in GFP positive cells enriched from Tg(mpx:eGFP) and gfi1aa MO injected Tg(mpx:eGFP) embryos at 2 dpf.

To determine the relative expression rate, data were normalized to the expression level of WT groups (which were set to 1.0) after normalized to the internal control of β-actin. Student t test, N = 3. Error bars represent mean ± SEM. **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1009693.s004

(TIF)

S5 Fig. Representative scatterplot generated by FACS analysis of WKM samples collected from WT and irf2bp2a^-/- lines in 4-month-old adults.

Student t test, N = 5. Error bars represent mean ± SEM. ns: not statistically significant.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1009693.s005

(TIF)

S6 Fig. Western blot analysis of FLAG-IRF2BP2a, FLAG-IRF2BP2b and HA-GFI1 expressing HEK293 cells.

The proteasome inhibitor MG132 (2.5 μM) was used to inhibit the degradation of ubiquitinated proteins. Equal protein amounts for each sample were loaded (anti-ACTIN).

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1009693.s006

(TIF)

S7 Fig. Expression of irf2bp2a and irf2bp2b transcript in HL60 cells treated with ATRA.

β-actin served as the internal control. The expression levels of 48 h and 72 h groups were normalized to that of 0 h. Student t test, N = 3. Error bars represent mean ± SEM. *P < 0.1, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1009693.s007

(TIF)

S8 Fig. Western blot analysis of FLAG-IRF2BP2a, HA-GFI1 and HIS-TRIAD1 expressing HEK293 cells.

The proteasome inhibitor MG132 (2.5 μM) was used to inhibit the degradation of ubiquitinated proteins. Equal protein amounts for each sample were loaded (anti-ACTIN).

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1009693.s008

(DOCX)

S1 Table. Primers for plasmid generation, luciferase assays, quantitative PCR, and ChIP-qPCR.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1009693.s009

(XLSX)

Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful to Y Chen and J Jin (both from Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China) for technical support. We thank Dr. X Jiao (from the Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA) for his critical manuscript reading.

References

1. Meyer-Schwesinger C. The ubiquitin-proteasome system in kidney physiology and disease. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2019;15(7):393–411. pmid:31036905
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
2. Nakayama KI, Nakayama K. Ubiquitin ligases: cell-cycle control and cancer. Nat Rev Cancer. 2006;6(5):369–81. pmid:16633365
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
3. Yeung KT, Das S, Zhang J, Lomniczi A, Ojeda SR, Xu CF, et al. A novel transcription complex that selectively modulates apoptosis of breast cancer cells through regulation of FASTKD2. Mol Cell Biol. 2011;31(11):2287–98. pmid:21444724
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
4. Childs KS, Goodbourn S. Identification of novel co-repressor molecules for Interferon Regulatory Factor-2. Nucleic Acids Res. 2003;31(12):3016–26. pmid:12799427
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
5. Carneiro FR, Ramalho-Oliveira R, Mognol GP, Viola JP. Interferon regulatory factor 2 binding protein 2 is a new NFAT1 partner and represses its transcriptional activity. Mol Cell Biol. 2011;31(14):2889–901. pmid:21576369
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
6. Stadhouders R, Cico A, Stephen T, Thongjuea S, Kolovos P, Baymaz HI, et al. Control of developmentally primed erythroid genes by combinatorial co-repressor actions. Nat Commun. 2015;6:8893. pmid:26593974
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
7. Kimura M. IRF2-binding protein-1 is a JDP2 ubiquitin ligase and an inhibitor of ATF2-dependent transcription. FEBS Lett. 2008;582(19):2833–7. pmid:18671972
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
8. Evans T. Developmental biology of hematopoiesis. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 1997;11(6):1115–47. pmid:9443048
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
9. Orkin SH. Transcription factors and hematopoietic development. J Biol Chem. 1995;270(10):4955–8. pmid:7890597
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
10. van der Meer LT, Jansen JH, van der Reijden BA. Gfi1 and Gfi1b: key regulators of hematopoiesis. Leukemia. 2010;24(11):1834–43. pmid:20861919
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
11. Grimes HL, Chan TO, Zweidler-McKay PA, Tong B, Tsichlis PN. The Gfi-1 proto-oncoprotein contains a novel transcriptional repressor domain, SNAG, and inhibits G1 arrest induced by interleukin-2 withdrawal. Mol Cell Biol. 1996;16(11):6263–72. pmid:8887656
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
12. Zweidler-Mckay PA, Grimes HL, Flubacher MM, Tsichlis PN. Gfi-1 encodes a nuclear zinc finger protein that binds DNA and functions as a transcriptional repressor. Mol Cell Biol. 1996;16(8):4024–34. pmid:8754800
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
13. Person RE, Li FQ, Duan Z, Benson KF, Wechsler J, Papadaki HA, et al. Mutations in proto-oncogene GFI1 cause human neutropenia and target ELA2. Nat Genet. 2003;34(3):308–12. pmid:12778173
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
14. Zarebski A, Velu CS, Baktula AM, Bourdeau T, Horman SR, Basu S, et al. Mutations in growth factor independent-1 associated with human neutropenia block murine granulopoiesis through colony stimulating factor-1. Immunity. 2008;28(3):370–80. pmid:18328744
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
15. Kazanjian A, Gross EA, Grimes HL. The growth factor independence-1 transcription factor: new functions and new insights. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2006;59(2):85–97. pmid:16716599
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
16. Marteijn JA, van der Meer LT, Van Emst L, de Witte T, Jansen JH, van der Reijden BA. Diminished proteasomal degradation results in accumulation of Gfi1 protein in monocytes. Blood. 2007;109(1):100–8. pmid:16888099
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
17. Tsuda H, Jafar-Nejad H, Patel AJ, Sun Y, Chen HK, Rose MF, et al. The AXH domain of Ataxin-1 mediates neurodegeneration through its interaction with Gfi-1/Senseless proteins. Cell. 2005;122(4):633–44. pmid:16122429
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
18. Marteijn JA, van der Meer LT, van Emst L, van Reijmersdal S, Wissink W, de Witte T, et al. Gfi1 ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation is inhibited by the ubiquitin ligase Triad1. Blood. 2007;110(9):3128–35. pmid:17646546
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
19. Kuai X, Li L, Chen R, Wang K, Chen M, Cui B, et al. SCF(FBXW7)/GSK3beta-Mediated GFI1 Degradation Suppresses Proliferation of Gastric Cancer Cells. Cancer Res. 2019;79(17):4387–98. pmid:31289136
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
20. Wang L, Gao S, Wang H, Xue C, Liu X, Yuan H, et al. Interferon regulatory factor 2 binding protein 2b regulates neutrophils versus macrophage fate during zebrafish definitive myelopoiesis. Haematologica. 2020;105(2):325–37. pmid:31123027
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
21. Teng AC, Al-Montashiri NA, Cheng BL, Lou P, Ozmizrak P, Chen HH, et al. Identification of a phosphorylation-dependent nuclear localization motif in interferon regulatory factor 2 binding protein 2. PLoS One. 2011;6(8):e24100. pmid:21887377
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
22. Galloway JL, Zon LI. Ontogeny of hematopoiesis: examining the emergence of hematopoietic cells in the vertebrate embryo. Curr Top Dev Biol. 2003;53:139–58. pmid:12510667
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
23. Zon LI. Developmental biology of hematopoiesis. Blood. 1995;86(8):2876–91. pmid:7579378
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
24. Jin H, Li L, Xu J, Zhen F, Zhu L, Liu PP, et al. Runx1 regulates embryonic myeloid fate choice in zebrafish through a negative feedback loop inhibiting Pu.1 expression. Blood. 2012;119(22):5239–49. pmid:22493295
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
25. Warga RM, Kane DA, Ho RK. Fate mapping embryonic blood in zebrafish: multi- and unipotential lineages are segregated at gastrulation. Dev Cell. 2009;16(5):744–55. pmid:19460350
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
26. Bertrand JY, Kim AD, Violette EP, Stachura DL, Cisson JL, Traver D. Definitive hematopoiesis initiates through a committed erythromyeloid progenitor in the zebrafish embryo. Development. 2007;134(23):4147–56. pmid:17959717
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
27. Bertrand JY, Kim AD, Teng S, Traver D. CD41+ cmyb+ precursors colonize the zebrafish pronephros by a novel migration route to initiate adult hematopoiesis. Development. 2008;135(10):1853–62. pmid:18417622
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
28. Kissa K, Herbomel P. Blood stem cells emerge from aortic endothelium by a novel type of cell transition. Nature. 2010;464(7285):112–5. pmid:20154732
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
29. Bertrand JY, Chi NC, Santoso B, Teng S, Stainier DY, Traver D. Haematopoietic stem cells derive directly from aortic endothelium during development. Nature. 2010;464(7285):108–11. pmid:20154733
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
30. Crowhurst MO, Layton JE, Lieschke GJ. Developmental biology of zebrafish myeloid cells. Int J Dev Biol. 2002;46(4):483–92. pmid:12141435
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
31. Kitaguchi T, Kawakami K, Kawahara A. Transcriptional regulation of a myeloid-lineage specific gene lysozyme C during zebrafish myelopoiesis. Mech Dev. 2009;126(5–6):314–23. pmid:19275935
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
32. Lekstrom-Himes J, Xanthopoulos KG. CCAAT/enhancer binding protein epsilon is critical for effective neutrophils-mediated response to inflammatory challenge. Blood. 1999;93(9):3096–105. pmid:10216107
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
33. Vonderfecht TR, Schroyer DC, Schenck BL, McDonough VM, Pikaart MJ. Substitution of DNA-contacting amino acids with functional variants in the Gata-1 zinc finger: a structurally and phylogenetically guided mutagenesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2008;369(4):1052–6. pmid:18328814
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
34. Urnov FD. A feel for the template: zinc finger protein transcription factors and chromatin. Biochem Cell Biol. 2002;80(3):321–33. pmid:12123285
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
35. Avellino R, Delwel R. Expression and regulation of C/EBPalpha in normal myelopoiesis and in malignant transformation. Blood. 2017;129(15):2083–91. pmid:28179278
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
36. Fiedler K, Brunner C. The role of transcription factors in the guidance of granulopoiesis. Am J Blood Res. 2012;2(1):57–65. pmid:22432088
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
37. Siwaponanan P, Siegers JY, Ghazali R, Ng T, McColl B, Ng GZ, et al. Reduced PU.1 expression underlies aberrant neutrophils maturation and function in beta-thalassemia mice and patients. Blood. 2017;129(23):3087–99. pmid:28325862
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
38. Moroy T, Khandanpour C. Role of GFI1 in Epigenetic Regulation of MDS and AML Pathogenesis: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications. Front Oncol. 2019;9:824. pmid:31508375
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
39. Duan Z, Horwitz M. Targets of the transcriptional repressor oncoprotein Gfi-1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003;100(10):5932–7. pmid:12721361
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
40. Zhuang D, Qiu Y, Kogan SC, Dong F. Increased CCAAT enhancer-binding protein epsilon (C/EBPepsilon) expression and premature apoptosis in myeloid cells expressing Gfi-1 N382S mutant associated with severe congenital neutropenia. J Biol Chem. 2006;281(16):10745–51. pmid:16500901
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
41. Khanna-Gupta A, Sun H, Zibello T, Lee HM, Dahl R, Boxer LA, et al. Growth factor independence-1 (Gfi-1) plays a role in mediating specific granule deficiency (SGD) in a patient lacking a gene-inactivating mutation in the C/EBPepsilon gene. Blood. 2007;109(10):4181–90. pmid:17244686
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
42. Wei W, Wen L, Huang P, Zhang Z, Chen Y, Xiao A, et al. Gfi1.1 regulates hematopoietic lineage differentiation during zebrafish embryogenesis. Cell Res. 2008;18(6):677–85. pmid:18504458
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
43. Lu G, Middleton RE, Sun H, Naniong M, Ott CJ, Mitsiades CS, et al. The myeloma drug lenalidomide promotes the cereblon-dependent destruction of Ikaros proteins. Science. 2014;343(6168):305–9. pmid:24292623
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
44. Kronke J, Udeshi ND, Narla A, Grauman P, Hurst SN, McConkey M, et al. Lenalidomide causes selective degradation of IKZF1 and IKZF3 in multiple myeloma cells. Science. 2014;343(6168):301–5. pmid:24292625
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
45. Hock H, Hamblen MJ, Rooke HM, Traver D, Bronson RT, Cameron S, et al. Intrinsic requirement for zinc finger transcription factor Gfi-1 in neutrophil differentiation. Immunity. 2003 Jan;18(1):109–20. pmid:12530980
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
46. Laslo P, Spooner CJ, Warmflash A, Lancki DW, Lee HJ, Sciammas R,et al. Multilineage transcriptional priming and determination of alternate hematopoietic cell fates. Cell. 2006 Aug 25;126(4):755–66. pmid:16923394
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
47. Teng AC, Kuraitis D, Deeke SA, Ahmadi A, Dugan SG, Cheng BL, et al. IRF2BP2 is a skeletal and cardiac muscle-enriched ischemia-inducible activator of VEGFA expression. FASEB J. 2010;24(12):4825–34. pmid:20702774
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
48. Kondo K, Kaelin WG Jr, The von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor gene. Exp Cell Res. 2001;264(1):117–25. pmid:11237528
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
49. van Hagen M, Overmeer RM, Abolvardi SS, Vertegaal AC. RNF4 and VHL regulate the proteasomal degradation of SUMO-conjugated Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-2alpha. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010;38(6):1922–31. pmid:20026589
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
50. Kimmel CB, Ballard WW, Kimmel SR, Ullmann B, Schilling TF. Stages of embryonic development of the zebrafish. Dev Dyn. 1995;203(3):253–310. pmid:8589427
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
51. Thisse C, Thisse B. High-resolution in situ hybridization to whole-mount zebrafish embryos. Nat Protoc. 2008;3(1):59–69. pmid:18193022
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
52. Le Guyader D, Redd MJ, Colucci-Guyon E, Murayama E, Kissa K, Briolat V, et al. Origins and unconventional behavior of neutrophilss in developing zebrafish. Blood. 2008;111(1):132–41. pmid:17875807
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
53. Traver D, Paw BH, Poss KD, Penberthy WT, Lin S, Zon LI. Transplantation and in vivo imaging of multilineage engraftment in zebrafish bloodless mutants. Nature immunology. 2003;4(12):1238–46. pmid:14608381
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
54. Yan C, Huo X, Wang S, Feng Y, Gong Z. Stimulation of hepatocarcinogenesis by neutrophilss upon induction of oncogenic kras expression in transgenic zebrafish. Journal of hepatology. 2015;63(2):420–8. pmid:25828472
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
55. Hart DO, Raha T, Lawson ND, Green MR. Initiation of zebrafish haematopoiesis by the TATA-box-binding protein-related factor Trf3. Nature. 2007;450(7172):1082–5. pmid:18046332
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar

[ref1] 1. Meyer-Schwesinger C. The ubiquitin-proteasome system in kidney physiology and disease. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2019;15(7):393–411. pmid:31036905
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[2] View Article

[3] PubMed/NCBI

[4] Google Scholar

[ref2] 2. Nakayama KI, Nakayama K. Ubiquitin ligases: cell-cycle control and cancer. Nat Rev Cancer. 2006;6(5):369–81. pmid:16633365
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[6] View Article

[7] PubMed/NCBI

[8] Google Scholar

[ref3] 3. Yeung KT, Das S, Zhang J, Lomniczi A, Ojeda SR, Xu CF, et al. A novel transcription complex that selectively modulates apoptosis of breast cancer cells through regulation of FASTKD2. Mol Cell Biol. 2011;31(11):2287–98. pmid:21444724
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[10] View Article

[11] PubMed/NCBI

[12] Google Scholar

[ref4] 4. Childs KS, Goodbourn S. Identification of novel co-repressor molecules for Interferon Regulatory Factor-2. Nucleic Acids Res. 2003;31(12):3016–26. pmid:12799427
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[14] View Article

[15] PubMed/NCBI

[16] Google Scholar

[ref5] 5. Carneiro FR, Ramalho-Oliveira R, Mognol GP, Viola JP. Interferon regulatory factor 2 binding protein 2 is a new NFAT1 partner and represses its transcriptional activity. Mol Cell Biol. 2011;31(14):2889–901. pmid:21576369
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[18] View Article

[19] PubMed/NCBI

[20] Google Scholar

[ref6] 6. Stadhouders R, Cico A, Stephen T, Thongjuea S, Kolovos P, Baymaz HI, et al. Control of developmentally primed erythroid genes by combinatorial co-repressor actions. Nat Commun. 2015;6:8893. pmid:26593974
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[22] View Article

[23] PubMed/NCBI

[24] Google Scholar

[ref7] 7. Kimura M. IRF2-binding protein-1 is a JDP2 ubiquitin ligase and an inhibitor of ATF2-dependent transcription. FEBS Lett. 2008;582(19):2833–7. pmid:18671972
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[26] View Article

[27] PubMed/NCBI

[28] Google Scholar

[ref8] 8. Evans T. Developmental biology of hematopoiesis. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 1997;11(6):1115–47. pmid:9443048
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[30] View Article

[31] PubMed/NCBI

[32] Google Scholar

[ref9] 9. Orkin SH. Transcription factors and hematopoietic development. J Biol Chem. 1995;270(10):4955–8. pmid:7890597
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[34] View Article

[35] PubMed/NCBI

[36] Google Scholar

[ref10] 10. van der Meer LT, Jansen JH, van der Reijden BA. Gfi1 and Gfi1b: key regulators of hematopoiesis. Leukemia. 2010;24(11):1834–43. pmid:20861919
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[38] View Article

[39] PubMed/NCBI

[40] Google Scholar

[ref11] 11. Grimes HL, Chan TO, Zweidler-McKay PA, Tong B, Tsichlis PN. The Gfi-1 proto-oncoprotein contains a novel transcriptional repressor domain, SNAG, and inhibits G1 arrest induced by interleukin-2 withdrawal. Mol Cell Biol. 1996;16(11):6263–72. pmid:8887656
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[42] View Article

[43] PubMed/NCBI

[44] Google Scholar

[ref12] 12. Zweidler-Mckay PA, Grimes HL, Flubacher MM, Tsichlis PN. Gfi-1 encodes a nuclear zinc finger protein that binds DNA and functions as a transcriptional repressor. Mol Cell Biol. 1996;16(8):4024–34. pmid:8754800
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[46] View Article

[47] PubMed/NCBI

[48] Google Scholar

[ref13] 13. Person RE, Li FQ, Duan Z, Benson KF, Wechsler J, Papadaki HA, et al. Mutations in proto-oncogene GFI1 cause human neutropenia and target ELA2. Nat Genet. 2003;34(3):308–12. pmid:12778173
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[50] View Article

[51] PubMed/NCBI

[52] Google Scholar

[ref14] 14. Zarebski A, Velu CS, Baktula AM, Bourdeau T, Horman SR, Basu S, et al. Mutations in growth factor independent-1 associated with human neutropenia block murine granulopoiesis through colony stimulating factor-1. Immunity. 2008;28(3):370–80. pmid:18328744
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[54] View Article

[55] PubMed/NCBI

[56] Google Scholar

[ref15] 15. Kazanjian A, Gross EA, Grimes HL. The growth factor independence-1 transcription factor: new functions and new insights. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2006;59(2):85–97. pmid:16716599
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[58] View Article

[59] PubMed/NCBI

[60] Google Scholar

[ref16] 16. Marteijn JA, van der Meer LT, Van Emst L, de Witte T, Jansen JH, van der Reijden BA. Diminished proteasomal degradation results in accumulation of Gfi1 protein in monocytes. Blood. 2007;109(1):100–8. pmid:16888099
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[62] View Article

[63] PubMed/NCBI

[64] Google Scholar

[ref17] 17. Tsuda H, Jafar-Nejad H, Patel AJ, Sun Y, Chen HK, Rose MF, et al. The AXH domain of Ataxin-1 mediates neurodegeneration through its interaction with Gfi-1/Senseless proteins. Cell. 2005;122(4):633–44. pmid:16122429
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[66] View Article

[67] PubMed/NCBI

[68] Google Scholar

[ref18] 18. Marteijn JA, van der Meer LT, van Emst L, van Reijmersdal S, Wissink W, de Witte T, et al. Gfi1 ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation is inhibited by the ubiquitin ligase Triad1. Blood. 2007;110(9):3128–35. pmid:17646546
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[70] View Article

[71] PubMed/NCBI

[72] Google Scholar

[ref19] 19. Kuai X, Li L, Chen R, Wang K, Chen M, Cui B, et al. SCF(FBXW7)/GSK3beta-Mediated GFI1 Degradation Suppresses Proliferation of Gastric Cancer Cells. Cancer Res. 2019;79(17):4387–98. pmid:31289136
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[74] View Article

[75] PubMed/NCBI

[76] Google Scholar

[ref20] 20. Wang L, Gao S, Wang H, Xue C, Liu X, Yuan H, et al. Interferon regulatory factor 2 binding protein 2b regulates neutrophils versus macrophage fate during zebrafish definitive myelopoiesis. Haematologica. 2020;105(2):325–37. pmid:31123027
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[78] View Article

[79] PubMed/NCBI

[80] Google Scholar

[ref21] 21. Teng AC, Al-Montashiri NA, Cheng BL, Lou P, Ozmizrak P, Chen HH, et al. Identification of a phosphorylation-dependent nuclear localization motif in interferon regulatory factor 2 binding protein 2. PLoS One. 2011;6(8):e24100. pmid:21887377
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[82] View Article

[83] PubMed/NCBI

[84] Google Scholar

[ref22] 22. Galloway JL, Zon LI. Ontogeny of hematopoiesis: examining the emergence of hematopoietic cells in the vertebrate embryo. Curr Top Dev Biol. 2003;53:139–58. pmid:12510667
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[86] View Article

[87] PubMed/NCBI

[88] Google Scholar

[ref23] 23. Zon LI. Developmental biology of hematopoiesis. Blood. 1995;86(8):2876–91. pmid:7579378
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[90] View Article

[91] PubMed/NCBI

[92] Google Scholar

[ref24] 24. Jin H, Li L, Xu J, Zhen F, Zhu L, Liu PP, et al. Runx1 regulates embryonic myeloid fate choice in zebrafish through a negative feedback loop inhibiting Pu.1 expression. Blood. 2012;119(22):5239–49. pmid:22493295
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[94] View Article

[95] PubMed/NCBI

[96] Google Scholar

[ref25] 25. Warga RM, Kane DA, Ho RK. Fate mapping embryonic blood in zebrafish: multi- and unipotential lineages are segregated at gastrulation. Dev Cell. 2009;16(5):744–55. pmid:19460350
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[98] View Article

[99] PubMed/NCBI

[100] Google Scholar

[ref26] 26. Bertrand JY, Kim AD, Violette EP, Stachura DL, Cisson JL, Traver D. Definitive hematopoiesis initiates through a committed erythromyeloid progenitor in the zebrafish embryo. Development. 2007;134(23):4147–56. pmid:17959717
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[102] View Article

[103] PubMed/NCBI

[104] Google Scholar

[ref27] 27. Bertrand JY, Kim AD, Teng S, Traver D. CD41+ cmyb+ precursors colonize the zebrafish pronephros by a novel migration route to initiate adult hematopoiesis. Development. 2008;135(10):1853–62. pmid:18417622
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[106] View Article

[107] PubMed/NCBI

[108] Google Scholar

[ref28] 28. Kissa K, Herbomel P. Blood stem cells emerge from aortic endothelium by a novel type of cell transition. Nature. 2010;464(7285):112–5. pmid:20154732
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[110] View Article

[111] PubMed/NCBI

[112] Google Scholar

[ref29] 29. Bertrand JY, Chi NC, Santoso B, Teng S, Stainier DY, Traver D. Haematopoietic stem cells derive directly from aortic endothelium during development. Nature. 2010;464(7285):108–11. pmid:20154733
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[114] View Article

[115] PubMed/NCBI

[116] Google Scholar

[ref30] 30. Crowhurst MO, Layton JE, Lieschke GJ. Developmental biology of zebrafish myeloid cells. Int J Dev Biol. 2002;46(4):483–92. pmid:12141435
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[118] View Article

[119] PubMed/NCBI

[120] Google Scholar

[ref31] 31. Kitaguchi T, Kawakami K, Kawahara A. Transcriptional regulation of a myeloid-lineage specific gene lysozyme C during zebrafish myelopoiesis. Mech Dev. 2009;126(5–6):314–23. pmid:19275935
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[122] View Article

[123] PubMed/NCBI

[124] Google Scholar

[ref32] 32. Lekstrom-Himes J, Xanthopoulos KG. CCAAT/enhancer binding protein epsilon is critical for effective neutrophils-mediated response to inflammatory challenge. Blood. 1999;93(9):3096–105. pmid:10216107
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[126] View Article

[127] PubMed/NCBI

[128] Google Scholar

[ref33] 33. Vonderfecht TR, Schroyer DC, Schenck BL, McDonough VM, Pikaart MJ. Substitution of DNA-contacting amino acids with functional variants in the Gata-1 zinc finger: a structurally and phylogenetically guided mutagenesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2008;369(4):1052–6. pmid:18328814
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[130] View Article

[131] PubMed/NCBI

[132] Google Scholar

[ref34] 34. Urnov FD. A feel for the template: zinc finger protein transcription factors and chromatin. Biochem Cell Biol. 2002;80(3):321–33. pmid:12123285
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[134] View Article

[135] PubMed/NCBI

[136] Google Scholar

[ref35] 35. Avellino R, Delwel R. Expression and regulation of C/EBPalpha in normal myelopoiesis and in malignant transformation. Blood. 2017;129(15):2083–91. pmid:28179278
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[138] View Article

[139] PubMed/NCBI

[140] Google Scholar

[ref36] 36. Fiedler K, Brunner C. The role of transcription factors in the guidance of granulopoiesis. Am J Blood Res. 2012;2(1):57–65. pmid:22432088
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[142] View Article

[143] PubMed/NCBI

[144] Google Scholar

[ref37] 37. Siwaponanan P, Siegers JY, Ghazali R, Ng T, McColl B, Ng GZ, et al. Reduced PU.1 expression underlies aberrant neutrophils maturation and function in beta-thalassemia mice and patients. Blood. 2017;129(23):3087–99. pmid:28325862
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[146] View Article

[147] PubMed/NCBI

[148] Google Scholar

[ref38] 38. Moroy T, Khandanpour C. Role of GFI1 in Epigenetic Regulation of MDS and AML Pathogenesis: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications. Front Oncol. 2019;9:824. pmid:31508375
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[150] View Article

[151] PubMed/NCBI

[152] Google Scholar

[ref39] 39. Duan Z, Horwitz M. Targets of the transcriptional repressor oncoprotein Gfi-1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003;100(10):5932–7. pmid:12721361
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[154] View Article

[155] PubMed/NCBI

[156] Google Scholar

[ref40] 40. Zhuang D, Qiu Y, Kogan SC, Dong F. Increased CCAAT enhancer-binding protein epsilon (C/EBPepsilon) expression and premature apoptosis in myeloid cells expressing Gfi-1 N382S mutant associated with severe congenital neutropenia. J Biol Chem. 2006;281(16):10745–51. pmid:16500901
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[158] View Article

[159] PubMed/NCBI

[160] Google Scholar

[ref41] 41. Khanna-Gupta A, Sun H, Zibello T, Lee HM, Dahl R, Boxer LA, et al. Growth factor independence-1 (Gfi-1) plays a role in mediating specific granule deficiency (SGD) in a patient lacking a gene-inactivating mutation in the C/EBPepsilon gene. Blood. 2007;109(10):4181–90. pmid:17244686
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[162] View Article

[163] PubMed/NCBI

[164] Google Scholar

[ref42] 42. Wei W, Wen L, Huang P, Zhang Z, Chen Y, Xiao A, et al. Gfi1.1 regulates hematopoietic lineage differentiation during zebrafish embryogenesis. Cell Res. 2008;18(6):677–85. pmid:18504458
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[166] View Article

[167] PubMed/NCBI

[168] Google Scholar

[ref43] 43. Lu G, Middleton RE, Sun H, Naniong M, Ott CJ, Mitsiades CS, et al. The myeloma drug lenalidomide promotes the cereblon-dependent destruction of Ikaros proteins. Science. 2014;343(6168):305–9. pmid:24292623
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[170] View Article

[171] PubMed/NCBI

[172] Google Scholar

[ref44] 44. Kronke J, Udeshi ND, Narla A, Grauman P, Hurst SN, McConkey M, et al. Lenalidomide causes selective degradation of IKZF1 and IKZF3 in multiple myeloma cells. Science. 2014;343(6168):301–5. pmid:24292625
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[174] View Article

[175] PubMed/NCBI

[176] Google Scholar

[ref45] 45. Hock H, Hamblen MJ, Rooke HM, Traver D, Bronson RT, Cameron S, et al. Intrinsic requirement for zinc finger transcription factor Gfi-1 in neutrophil differentiation. Immunity. 2003 Jan;18(1):109–20. pmid:12530980
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[178] View Article

[179] PubMed/NCBI

[180] Google Scholar

[ref46] 46. Laslo P, Spooner CJ, Warmflash A, Lancki DW, Lee HJ, Sciammas R,et al. Multilineage transcriptional priming and determination of alternate hematopoietic cell fates. Cell. 2006 Aug 25;126(4):755–66. pmid:16923394
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[182] View Article

[183] PubMed/NCBI

[184] Google Scholar

[ref47] 47. Teng AC, Kuraitis D, Deeke SA, Ahmadi A, Dugan SG, Cheng BL, et al. IRF2BP2 is a skeletal and cardiac muscle-enriched ischemia-inducible activator of VEGFA expression. FASEB J. 2010;24(12):4825–34. pmid:20702774
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[186] View Article

[187] PubMed/NCBI

[188] Google Scholar

[ref48] 48. Kondo K, Kaelin WG Jr, The von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor gene. Exp Cell Res. 2001;264(1):117–25. pmid:11237528
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[190] View Article

[191] PubMed/NCBI

[192] Google Scholar

[ref49] 49. van Hagen M, Overmeer RM, Abolvardi SS, Vertegaal AC. RNF4 and VHL regulate the proteasomal degradation of SUMO-conjugated Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-2alpha. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010;38(6):1922–31. pmid:20026589
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[194] View Article

[195] PubMed/NCBI

[196] Google Scholar

[ref50] 50. Kimmel CB, Ballard WW, Kimmel SR, Ullmann B, Schilling TF. Stages of embryonic development of the zebrafish. Dev Dyn. 1995;203(3):253–310. pmid:8589427
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[198] View Article

[199] PubMed/NCBI

[200] Google Scholar

[ref51] 51. Thisse C, Thisse B. High-resolution in situ hybridization to whole-mount zebrafish embryos. Nat Protoc. 2008;3(1):59–69. pmid:18193022
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[202] View Article

[203] PubMed/NCBI

[204] Google Scholar

[ref52] 52. Le Guyader D, Redd MJ, Colucci-Guyon E, Murayama E, Kissa K, Briolat V, et al. Origins and unconventional behavior of neutrophilss in developing zebrafish. Blood. 2008;111(1):132–41. pmid:17875807
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[206] View Article

[207] PubMed/NCBI

[208] Google Scholar

[ref53] 53. Traver D, Paw BH, Poss KD, Penberthy WT, Lin S, Zon LI. Transplantation and in vivo imaging of multilineage engraftment in zebrafish bloodless mutants. Nature immunology. 2003;4(12):1238–46. pmid:14608381
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[210] View Article

[211] PubMed/NCBI

[212] Google Scholar

[ref54] 54. Yan C, Huo X, Wang S, Feng Y, Gong Z. Stimulation of hepatocarcinogenesis by neutrophilss upon induction of oncogenic kras expression in transgenic zebrafish. Journal of hepatology. 2015;63(2):420–8. pmid:25828472
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[214] View Article

[215] PubMed/NCBI

[216] Google Scholar

[ref55] 55. Hart DO, Raha T, Lawson ND, Green MR. Initiation of zebrafish haematopoiesis by the TATA-box-binding protein-related factor Trf3. Nature. 2007;450(7172):1082–5. pmid:18046332
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[218] View Article

[219] PubMed/NCBI

[220] Google Scholar

Figures

Abstract

Author summary

Introduction

Results

Generation of an irf2bp2a-deficient zebrafish line

Deficiency of zebrafish irf2bp2a specifically impairs neutrophils differentiation

Irf2bp2a acts as a potential ubiquitin E3 ligase, rather than a canonical transcription corepressor, in regulating the development of neutrophils

Irf2bp2a mediates the ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of transcription repressor Gfi1aa

Irf2bp2a gene is repressed by Gfi1aa

Discussion

Materials and methods

Ethics statement

Zebrafish maintenance and mutant generation

Whole-mount in situ hybridization (WISH)

Sudan Black staining

FACS analysis, cell collection and May-Grünwald-Giemsa staining

Quantitative RT-PCR

Plasmid construction

Morpholino and mRNA synthesis for microinjection

Cell culture and luciferase reporter assay

Western blot and co-immunoprecipitation assay

Chromatin immunoprecipitation PCR (ChIP-PCR)

Cell line and treatment

Statistical analysis

Supporting information

S1 Fig. Expression of lineage specific markers during primitive and definitive hematopoiesis stages in irf2bp2a-deficient embryos.

S2 Fig. Quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis of neutrophil differentiation-related genes including c/ebpα, c/ebp1, pu.1, mpx, and lyz in GFP positive cells enriched from Tg(mpx:eGFP) and irf2bp2a-/-//Tg(mpx:eGFP) WKM samples.

S3 Fig. Expression of neutrophil markers in irf2bp2a MO injected embryos.

S4 Fig. Quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis of neutrophil differentiation-related genes including c/ebpα, c/ebp1, pu.1, mpx, and lyz in GFP positive cells enriched from Tg(mpx:eGFP) and gfi1aa MO injected Tg(mpx:eGFP) embryos at 2 dpf.

S5 Fig. Representative scatterplot generated by FACS analysis of WKM samples collected from WT and irf2bp2a-/- lines in 4-month-old adults.

S6 Fig. Western blot analysis of FLAG-IRF2BP2a, FLAG-IRF2BP2b and HA-GFI1 expressing HEK293 cells.

S7 Fig. Expression of irf2bp2a and irf2bp2b transcript in HL60 cells treated with ATRA.

S8 Fig. Western blot analysis of FLAG-IRF2BP2a, HA-GFI1 and HIS-TRIAD1 expressing HEK293 cells.

S1 Table. Primers for plasmid generation, luciferase assays, quantitative PCR, and ChIP-qPCR.

Acknowledgments

References

S2 Fig. Quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis of neutrophil differentiation-related genes including c/ebpα, c/ebp1, pu.1, mpx, and lyz in GFP positive cells enriched from Tg(mpx:eGFP) and irf2bp2a^-/-//Tg(mpx:eGFP) WKM samples.

S5 Fig. Representative scatterplot generated by FACS analysis of WKM samples collected from WT and irf2bp2a^-/- lines in 4-month-old adults.