Compensating chirp of attosecond X-ray pulses by a neutral hydrogen gas

It is demonstrated by numerical simulations that the attosecond chirp of high order harmonic pulses in the 530 to 1000 eV range can be partially compensated by the negative group delay dispersion of unionized molecular hydrogen gas. The transmission of X-rays through gas with the required pressure-length product for optimum chirp compensation is higher than 10% in the photon energy range that covers the K-edge of oxygen and L-edges of iron, cobalt, and nickel. © 2019 Optical Society of America under the terms of the OSA Open Access Publishing Agreement


Introduction
When an X-ray beam interacts with magnetic matter, a strong magnetization-sensitive response can arise if the spin-orbit interaction plays an important role.This is typically the case for core-levels of transition metal elements when the X-ray energy is tuned to their transition energies.Attosecond X-ray pulses in the 700 to 900 eV range based on high harmonic generation (HHG) may play an important role in studying electron dynamics in ferromagnetic magnet materials that contain transition metal elements, Fe, Co and Ni.The absorption edges of these elements are 708.1 eV (Fe L 2 ), 721.1 eV (Fe L 1 ), 778.6 eV (Co L 2 ), 793.8 eV (Co L 1 ), 854.7 (Ni L 2 ), and 871.9 eV (Ni L 1 ).Attosecond X-rays covering the K-edge of Oxygen at 532.0 eV may serve as probes to observe charge migration in molecules [1].
High-order harmonic generation was first demonstrated in the late 1980s, which laid the foundation for table-top coherent ultrafast X-ray sources.At the present time, extreme ultraviolet (XUV) pulses with sufficient flux in the 10 to 150 eV range for transient absorption and other experiments can be reliably generated from noble gases interacting with near-infrared (NIR) Ti:Sapphire lasers centered at 800 nm [2].In 1993, the mechanism of the high harmonic generation was explained by a three-step model [3,4].It predicts that the cut-off photon energy is proportional to the square of the driving laser wavelength.Extending the cut-off by increasing the driving laser wavelength was first demonstrated with a Ti:Sapphire pumped Optical Parametric Amplifier (OPA) at 1.5 µm [5].Recently, high flux high harmonic spectra in the water window (282 to 533 eV) have been achieved by using lasers with 1.6 to 2 µm center wavelengths [6].Isolated 53-as soft X-ray pulses reaching the Carbon K-edge (282 eV) have been produced using a 1.7 µm laser [7].For generating high harmonics in the 530 to 1 keV region by interacting helium atoms with laser pulses centered at 3.2 µm [8], the peak intensity of the mid-infrared (MIR) laser needs to be ∼ 4 × 10 14 W/cm 2 .
The attosecond chirp (atto-chirp) of high harmonic pulses corresponding to the short trajectory is positive.Its value at the center of the plateau region may be estimated by [9], The unit of the chirp is as 2 , and the units of I 0 and λ 0 are W/cm 2 and eV respectively.The chirp is 1273 as 2 when the 3.2 µm MIR driving laser intensity is at 4 × 10 14 W/cm 2 .The atto-chirp in the 20 to 300 eV photon energy range can be compensated by the negative group delay dispersion (GDD) of thin metal foils, Al, Be, Cr and Sn or neutral gases, Ar and Xe [10].The attosecond chirp in the water window (282 to 533 eV) may be partially removed by fully ionized hydrogen or helium plasma [11].We illustrate in this report that atto-chirp in the 530 to 1000 eV range can be significantly reduced by unionized hydrogen gas with the proper pressure-length product and the transmission of the gas is higher than 10%.

Dispersion of neutral H 2 gas in the soft X-ray region
The complex index of refraction of neutral molecular hydrogen gas with number density N at the soft X-ray wavelength λ x can be calculated by where r 0 is the classical electron radius.f 1 and f 2 are the semi-empirical atomic scattering factors, whose value can be downloaded from [12].The group delay dispersion can be calculated from the real part of ñ.
The index of refraction can also be obtained from the Lorentz classical electron oscillator model with J resonant frequencies, ω 0j , where ω x is the angular frequency of the X-ray.F j is the oscillator strength.γ j is the damping rate, which is related to the width of the resonances.For X-rays with photon energy higher than 530 eV, ω x >>ω 0j and ω x >>γ j , the bound electrons behave as free particles, thus the real index of refraction is the same as the fully ionized hydrogen plasma where ω p is the angular frequency of the plasma, which can be determined by the number density of electrons, where N e = 2N is the electron number density for molecular hydrogen.e and m e are the charge and mass of the electron respectively.ε 0 is the permittivity of free space.
For the plasma density considered here, ω x >>ω p , The real index of refraction calculated from Eqs. ( 2) and ( 6) are the same in the 530 to 1000 eV region.
The group delay dispersion (GDD) of a molecular hydrogen gas with length L is Apparently it is the electron density-length product that determines the GDD value.
The particle number density of a standard gas at 1 atmosphere pressure and room temperature is 2.5 × 10 19 /cm 3 .For H 2 molecules with 5 atm pressure, N e = 2.5 × 10 20 /cm 3 .The GDD of such plasma with L = 10 cm is −180 as 2 at ω x = 750 eV, which can be used to compensate the atto-chirp of the X-ray pulses generated by a 3.2 µm laser.The length of the gas for compensating a 1273 as 2 chirp at 750 eV is about 70.6 cm.Molecular hydrogen is preferred because of the low absorption in the soft X-ray region as compared to other materials.
To generate high harmonics beyond the Oxygen K-edge with mid-infrared lasers, noble gas targets with large pressure-length products are needed to achieve high photon flux.The maximum pressure-length product is limited by X-ray absorption under the phase-match conditions.For instance, when helium is used, the pressure-length product should not be larger than 70 atm-cm to efficiently generate 530 eV photons.The GDD of a target with such a pressure-length product is also negative but the absolute value is much smaller than that of the atto-chirp.

Numerical simulations of chirp compensation
Numerical simulations based on the Strong Field Approximation of high harmonic generation [13] have been performed to demonstrate feasibility of the atto-chirp compensation in the 530 to 1000 eV photon energy region by the dispersion of unionized molecular hydrogen gas.The time domain dipole moment of a single helium atom interacting with a MIR laser pulse was calculated using the open-source code, HHGmax [13].The dipole matrix element is hydrogen-like and the ionization potential is 24.59 eV.The contribution from the long trajectory is suppressed by properly setting the integration and window parameters in the code.The pulsed external laser field centered at 3.2 µm has a Gaussian temporal profile, as shown in Fig. 1.The FWHM duration, carrier envelope phase (CEP) and peak intensity are 11 fs, 5π/8 rad, and 4 × 10 14 W/cm 2 respectively.The pulse duration and CEP values are chosen to demonstrate the generation of single isolated attosecond pulses with the amplitude gating [14].The particular carrier-envelope phase favors the generation of the broadest continuous X-ray spectrum.
The group delay dispersion (GDD) of a molecular hydrogen gas with length L is Apparently it is the electron density-length product that determines the GDD value.
The particle number density of a standard gas at 1 atmosphere pressure and room temperature is x    eV, which can be used to compensate the atto-chirp of the X-ray pulses generated by a 3.2 μm laser.The length of the gas for compensating a 1273 as 2 chirp at 750 eV is about 70.6 cm.Molecular hydrogen is preferred because of the low absorption in the soft X-ray region as compared to other materials.
To generate high harmonics beyond the Oxygen K-edge with mid-infrared lasers, noble gas targets with large pressure-length products are needed to achieve high photon flux.The maximum pressure-length product is limited by X-ray absorption under the phase-match conditions.For instance, when helium is used, the pressure-length product should not be larger than 70 atm-cm to efficiently generate 530 eV photons.The GDD of a target with such a pressure-length product is also negative but the absolute value is much smaller than that of the atto-chirp.

Numerical simulations of chirp compensation
Numerical simulations based on the Strong Field Approximation of high harmonic generation [13] have been performed to demonstrate feasibility of the atto-chirp compensation in the 530 to 1000 eV photon energy region by the dispersion of unionized molecular hydrogen gas.The time domain dipole moment of a single helium interacting with a MIR laser pulse was calculated using the open-source code, HHGmax [13].The dipole matrix element is hydrogenlike and the ionization potential is 24.59 eV.The contribution from the long trajectory is suppressed by properly setting the integration and window parameters in the code.The pulsed external laser field centered at 3.2 m has a Gaussian temporal profile, as shown in Fig. 1.The FWHM duration, carrier envelope phase (CEP) and peak intensity are 11 fs, 5π/8 rad, and 14 4 10  W/cm 2 respectively.The pulse duration and CEP values are chosen to demonstrate the generation of single isolated attosecond pulses with the amplitude gating [14].The particular carrier-envelope phase favors the generation of the broadest continuous X-ray spectrum.Fig. 1.Single-cycle mid-infrared driving laser field centered at 3.2 μm.The peak intensity is 4x10 14 W/cm 2 .The carrier envelope phase is 5π/8 rad.
The power spectrum of the high harmonic pulse is shown in Fig. 2 (a), which includes the effects of absorption of molecular hydrogen gas with 5 atm pressure and 77 cm in length.The transmission of the gas increases from 10% at 530 eV to 75% at 1000 eV, as illustrated in Fig. 1.Single-cycle mid-infrared driving laser field centered at 3.2 µm.The peak intensity is 4 × 10 14 W/cm 2 .The carrier envelope phase is 5π/8 rad.
The power spectrum of the high harmonic pulse is shown in Fig. 2(a), which includes the effects of absorption of molecular hydrogen gas with 5 atm pressure and 77 cm in length.The transmission of the gas increases from 10% at 530 eV to 75% at 1000 eV, as illustrated in Fig. 2(b), which is obtained from [12] and is comparable to that of the materials used in XUV chirp compensation.The spectrum below 530 eV was set to zero to show the effects of atto-chirp on the temporal profile of the X-ray pulse in the 530 to 1000 eV range.
The quadratic phase of the X-ray directly from the atom (without chirp compensation) reveals a positive chirp, as illustrated in Fig. 2(c).When the phase of a 77 cm long molecular hydrogen gas with 5 atm pressure is added to the high harmonic phase, the chirp is significantly reduced, which can be seen by the close to flat total phase in Fig. 2(c).The chirp compensation is not perfect and the shape the total phase curve suggests that the remaining phase errors are dominated by the 3 rd order dispersion.The electron pressure-length product value was chosen to yield the reveals a positive chirp, as illustrated in Fig. 2(c).When the phase of a 77 cm long molecular hydrogen gas with 5 atm pressure is added to the high harmonic phase, the chirp is significantly reduced, which can be seen by the close to flat total phase in Fig 2(c).The chirp compensation is not perfect and the shape the total phase curve suggests that the remaining phase errors are dominated by the 3 rd order dispersion.The electron pressure-length product value was chosen to yield the shortest compressed X-ray pulse.It is technically feasible to construct a gas filled tube that offers the required pressure-length product.shortest compressed X-ray pulse.It is technically feasible to construct a gas filled tube that offers the required pressure-length product.Without applying the chirp compensation, the electric field square of the X-ray pulse corresponding to the spectrum above 530 eV is illustrated in Fig. 3(a), which is 750-as long and far from being transform limited.When the gas phase is added, the X-ray pulse duration is reduced to 25 as, as a result of the atto-chirp compensation by the gas dispersion, as shown in Fig. 3(b).The duration of the transform limited X-ray pulse displayed in Fig. 3(c) is 7 as.The asymmetry of the waveform in Fig. 3(b) is due to the incompleteness of the chirp compensation.The multiple attosecond pulses at the trailing edge are caused by the third order phase error, as illustrated in Fig. 1 of [15].
Without applying the chirp compensation, the electric field square of the X-ray pulse corresponding to the spectrum above 530 eV is illustrated in Fig. 3 (a), which is 750-as long and far from being transform limited.When the gas phase is added, the X-ray pulse duration is reduced to 25 as, as a result of the atto-chirp compensation by the gas dispersion, as shown in Fig. 3 (b).The duration of the transform limited X-ray pulse displayed in Fig. 3(c) is 7 as.The asymmetry of the waveform in Fig. 3(b) is due to the incompleteness of the chirp compensation.The multiple attosecond pulses at the trailing edge are caused by the third order phase error, as illustrated in Fig. 1 of [15].

Summary
It is shown by numerical simulations that molecular hydrogen gas can effectively compress attosecond X-ray pulses in 530 to 1000 eV range.The X-ray transmission of a 77 cm long tube filled with unionized H 2 at 5 atmosphere pressure needed for atto-chirp compensation is > 10% for photon energy higher than 530 eV, which could be acceptable for some experiments.Although the same amount of GDD and much higher X-ray transmission can be achieved when the gas is fully ionized, it is easier to implement the chirp compensation with neutral gases since ionizing the gas with discharge requires high voltage and current.Both neutral hydrogen gas and plasma could be used at lower photon energy, such as in the water window, since the required pressure-length product is much smaller.They may be combined with other schemes to reduce atto-chirp when attosecond X-ray pulses are generated with either longer wavelength driving lasers or waveform synthesizers [16,17].
GDD of such plasma with 10 L  cm is -180 as 2 at 750

Fig. 2 .
Fig. 2. (a) Power spectrum of the X-ray pulse.(b) Transmission of molecular hydrogen gas with pressure and length required for atto-chirp compensation.(c) Phases of X-rays with and without chirp compensation by the gas.