Meta-microwindmill structure with multiple absorption peaks for the detection of ketamine and amphetamine type stimulants in terahertz domain

We report a metamaterial based microwindmill array with a periodic arrangement that can be used in terahertz detector as an absorbing layer. It is found that this structure can absorb terahertz waves efficiently with an average absorptivity of 95% at multiple frequencies of 1.516, 2.205, 2.424 and 2.565 THz, which are absorption peaks of four kinds of drugs. The efficient absorbing property of meta-microwindmill on terahertz wave can be explained in terms of the synergetic effects of localized surface plasmon resonant effect and slow light mode. Moreover, the effect of the error of the structural parameters on the absorption efficiency is carefully analyzed in detail to guide the fabrication. ©2014 Optical Society of America OCIS codes: (040.0040) Detectors; (110.6795) Terahertz imaging; (160.3918) Metamaterials; (260.5740) Resonance. References and links 1. F. Oliveira, R. Barat, B. Schulkin, F. Huang, J. Federici, and D. 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Introduction
The progress of terahertz detectors, which are the essential devices of the terahertz imaging system, plays an important role in the development of terahertz imaging technology.With many unique properties, the terahertz wave detectors could be used in security imaging [1][2][3].After many years' efforts, infrared focal plane array (FPA) detector technology has been well developed.Although it was reported that FPA detector can be used for terahertz wave detection recently, many efforts have been devoted to improve its sensitivity and resolution [4][5][6][7][8][9].Alan W.M. Lee et al designed CW THz transmission imaging systems working on 2.52 and 4.3 THz by using a microbolometer camera and demonstrated that microbolometer could be used for terahertz imaging, despite the poor sensitivity of the microbolometer at the terahertz wave band [4,5].Naoki Oda et al added the thin metallic film, acting as terahertz absorption layer, to match the optical resonance cavity above the vanadium oxide microbolometer focal plane arrays and realized the real-time imaging of THz radiation [6][7][8].However, this thin metallic film could not absorb terahertz wave efficiently at the terahertz spectra.
Metamaterials are one potential solution to solve this problem.Metamaterials are unnatural materials composed of metallic/dielectric micro/nanostructures and they have recently attracted increasing attentions, for their exotic electromagnetic responses [10][11][12][13].Various metamaterial-based absorbers have been developed to work efficiently at wavebands ranging from microwave [14], visible [15,16], infrared [17,18] to terahertz [19].M. H. Hong et al designed and fabricated many meta-structures to enhance the response to terahertz waves and hybridized different structural parameters of the metamaterials to realize broadband terahertz devices [20][21][22][23][24].In this work, we designed a metamaterial-based absorber with multiple absorption peaks in terahertz waveband for the purpose of detecting the featured absorption peaks of various drugs: ketamine and three typical amphetamine type stimulants (MATM, MDMA and MDA), absorption peaks locate at 1.52, 2.21, 2.43 and 2.57 THz, respectively, the working frequency band for the designed absorber is chosen as 1.4-2.7 THz.By hybridizing split-ring-resonant (SRR) in a unit cell [20,21] or stacking multi-layer metamaterials together [22][23][24], it is possible to realize multiple resonates in the terahertz domain.To detect these four hybrid drugs simultaneously, a meta-microwindmill terahertz absorber that has four high efficient absorption peaks at above four featured frequencies is designed.The absorption mechanism of the absorber is numerically investigated and the influence of the error of absorber structural parameters on the absorbing efficiency is analyzed.

Metamaterial-based microwindmill terahertz absorber
To achieve a high absorbing efficiency at multiple THz frequencies, a metamaterial based microwindmill terahertz absorber was designed.The schematic diagrams are shown in Fig. 1. Figure 1(a) shows the top view of the layout of one unit cell of the meta-microwindmill absorber.Basically, there are four sets of rectangular and fan structures with different sizes.Figure 1(b) shows the cross sectional view of the absorber.As can be seen, it consists of three layers: metal/dielectric/metal.The microwindmill structure was fabricated in the top metallic film, which is actually an electrical ring resonator (ERR), i.e. a common part of the metamaterials structures [25,26].The dielectric layer sandwiched in between two metallic layers actually provides a resonant space for the Fabry-Pérot (F-P) resonator.The metallic film on the bottom normally should be thick enough so that it is opaque to the working waveband.In this way, the proposed metamaterial based absorber consists of an electrical ring resonator and an F-P resonator.By employing this hybrid resonator structure, one can achieve a highly efficient absorption at a broad waveband with multiple absorption peaks.For the terahertz wave focal plane detector, the absorbed electromagnetic energy is converted into heat and then the heat is converted into electronic current by the infrared FPA detector.By employing the commercial finite-difference time domain (FDTD) software package (Lumerical FDTD Solutions), the meta-microwindmill structure was modeled and analyzed.The three-dimensional simulations were performed with a plane wave source incident in the z direction.Periodic boundary conditions were employed for both x and y directions and PML boundary condition was employed in z direction.The inset of Fig. 1(a) shows the direction of incident terahertz EM waves with respect of the cross section of the designed absorber.Aluminum is selected as metal layer and its conductivity is σ = 3.56 × 10 7 S/m and polyimide is  2 is the reflection and T(λ) = |S 21 | 2 the transmission.Since the thickness of the bottom metal plane (d 1 = 200 nm) is much larger than its skin depth, there is nearly no transmittance in the overall frequency range, i.e.T(λ) = 0.In this case, the formulation used to calculate the absorptivity is simplified into A(λ) = 1-R(λ).
For impedance matching, the thicknesses of the metal and dielectric layer should be optimized so that the maximum absorption can be achieved.In simulations, the thickness of the top metal d 1 = 200 nm, which has the same thickness with that of the ground metal plane [27].On the other hand, the thickness of the dielectric film also affects the absorption, because it influences the terahertz wave interaction in between the adjacent metal layers.In the metamaterial-based microwindmill terahertz absorber, the optimal thickness of polyimide layer (d 2 ) is found to be d 2 = 8 μm.Next, the structural parameters of the microwindmill are optimized so that the targeted frequencies of the terahertz wave resonate it to achieve the highest absorption in these frequencies.The radius (R) of the central microfan for subunit 1-4 is 11.1, 9.7, 9.7 and 11.1 μm, respectively.The gap between the opposite microfans is t = 5 μm.These parameters are chosen in microscale so that the microstructure can be realized by the normal photolithography.The optimized width (a) and length (b) of the rectangles for four subunits are listed in Table 1.Frequency-domain field and power monitor were used to investigate the S-parameters of transmission (S 21 ) and reflection (S 11 ) of a single unite cell.Figure 2(a) shows the reflection (R), transmission (T) and absorption (A) versus the frequency for normal incident terahertz wave.As can be seen clearly, the absorption curve has four peaks at 1.516 (98.1%), 2.205 (91.8%), 2.424 (95.6%) and 2.565 THz (99.9%), respectively.Apparently, the average absorptivity at the targeted four frequencies is 96.35%.At particularly 2.565 THz, close to the 2.57 THz resonant frequency, we have achieved nearly unity absorption.Figure 2(b) shows the performance at different incident angles of the terahertz wave.One can see that the incident angle has great impact on the absorptivity as well as the absorption peak position.When the incident angle increases, the absorptivity at peaks of 1.52 and 2.43 THz reaches nearly unity.However, the absorption at peaks of 2.21 and 2.57 THz drops significantly to less than 70% (2.21 THz) and 80% (2.57THz), respectively.Moreover, with the increase of the incident angle, the position of the absorption peaks also changes with a blue shift.In general, the shift degree is proportional to the reduction of absorption.As can be seen clearly, the shift at frequency is largest (about 0.069 THz) and the reduction of absorption at this frequency is also the largest (about 27.3%).Consequently, this meta-microwindmill structure becomes inefficient to absorb terahertz wave when the incident angels are larger than 30°, due to the asymmetry of the designed structure.

Numerical investigation of the absorption mechanism
The physical mechanism of the meta-microwindmill terahertz absorber was analyzed.We first investigated the power density distribution (see Fig. 3) and the electric energy density distribution (see Fig. 4) in the plane of z = 0 μm (the interface between the top metal layer and the dielectric layer) at four resonant frequencies for the TM polarized wave.As shown in Fig. 3, the energy density is concentrated mainly at the edges of the fans and the rectangles.For 1.516 THz, subunit 3 absorbs much more energy than the other subunits.Therefore, subunit 3 mainly contributes to the absorption of this frequency.Similarly, subunits 2, 4 and 1 mainly contribute the absorptions of 2.205, 2.424 and 2.565 THz, respectively.At some frequencies, other subunits also contribute to the absorption besides the main contributing subunit.For instance, at frequency 2.424 THz, subunit 3 also contributes a portion of energy absorption besides the main contributing subunit 4. From Fig. 4, we can clearly observe that the electric energy hot spots are located mainly at corners of the microfans and the microrectangles.The sharper the corner is, the stronger the hot spot is.The hot spots mean the areas in which the electric field is greatly enhanced.We attribute this phenomenon to the localized surface plasmon resonance effect.These hot spots' locations are close to those of power loss density distribution in Fig. 3.As a result, the local excitation of surface plasmon resonance leads to the energy loss in the interface of metal/dielectric [28].In order to prove these hot spots are induced by surface plasmon wave, the electric energy density and power loss density along z direction at 1.516 THz resonant frequency under subunit 3 is calculated and plotted in Fig. 5.As shown in Fig. 5(a), the electric energy density at z = 0 μm (the interface of metal/dielectric) is about two folds of that at z = 0.2 μm (the interface of metal/air).Both electric energy density drops exponentially when the wave propagates away from metal surface into air or into dielectric of polyimide, which is the signature mark of surface plasmon wave.Figure 5(b) shows that the power loss density is greatly enhanced in the plane z = 0 μm.Once the terahertz wave propagates into the dielectric layer, the energy drops exponentially to zero before it reaches the bottom layer of metal as shown in Fig. 5(b1).In other words, the majority of the energy is absorbed in the metal layer and the rest is confined and stored inside the dielectric layer.The absorption of the energy inside the dielectric layer sandwiched between two metal layers can be attributed to the F-P resonant effect.Therefore, it is concluded that both the surface plasmon resonance and the F-P resonance contribute to the strong absorption of the terahertz wave for the microwindmil absorber.The former plays the main role and together with the latter to achieve an ultrahigh resonant absorption.The energy loss density at the same point at nonresonant frequency 2 THz was also analyzed and is shown in Fig. 5(c).As can be seen, although the energy at z = 0 μm is enhanced as well, but the intensity is three orders of magnitude lower than that at resonant frequency 1.516 THz.Though the energy density is enhanced again at z = −0.43μm, it is still much smaller than that at 1.516 THz.From Fig. 2(a), the absorption at 2 THz is less than 10%.Hence, it can be concluded that the localized surface plasmon resonance is the main reason for the high absorption at the resonant frequencies.To further understand the absorbing mechanism in the dielectric layer of the metamaterial microwindmill structure, the energy flow distribution and the normalized magnetic field distribution in the plane of z = −2 and −4 μm at 2.424 THz resonant frequency were investigated (see Fig. 6).As shown in Figs.6(a) and (c), the magnetic field in the center of subunit 4 is the strongest.Furthermore, one can find that the magnetic energy density in the plane of z = -2 μm is similar to it in plane of z = -4 μm.As shown in Figs.6(b) and (d), energy flow slowly converges and becomes energy vortex.In addition, the maxima magnetic distribution is in the center of the energy vortex, and this should be mainly attributed to slow light mode effect [29].This effect enhances the interaction between terahertz wave and dielectric layer to help the absorber to absorb more energy at the resonant frequency.
Therefore, considering the results shown in Figs. 5 and 6 and the discussion mentioned above, we can conclude that the physical mechanism for the strong absorption of metamaterial microwindmill absorber is the synergistic effect of localized surface plasmon enhancement, F-P resonant and slow light mode effect.Among them, surface plasmon resonant plays the main role for the absorption of the energy in the interfaces of air/metal and metal/dielectric.The F-P resonance and the slow light effect contribute to the absorptions of remaining energy as well.

Effect of the fabrication error on absorption
Fabrication error cannot be avoided so that the optimum design of microwindmill structure cannot be perfectly fabricated in reality.In particular for the sharp corners in the microfan and microrectangles, the round shape corners are always formed in those locations.To evaluate the effect of the fabrication error on absorption, we took errors for two parameters: the gap between one pair of the opposite subunits (t) and the radius at the vertex of the mcirofan.
Figure 7(a) shows the absorption versus frequency for different gaps (t) of 7, 9, 11and 13 μm between the opposite subunits.From Fig. 7(a), it can be found that the change of t has different effects on different resonant frequencies.For 1.516 THz, both absorption and resonant frequency almost do not change for different gaps between subunits.For 2.565 THz, the frequencies slightly changes, i.e. no more than 5%.However, for 2.205 and 2.424 THz, when t changes from 7 to 13 μm, the absorption reduces significantly and the absorption peak frequency has an obvious blue shift.Therefore, in order to make sure the absorption at four targeted frequencies is all larger than 80%, the gap (t) between the opposite subunits should be no more than 9 μm.The radius (r) is changed from 0.5 to 2 μm with a step size of Δ r = 0.5 μm.As can be seen, there is almost no change for the absorption when the radius changes.To look into the details, the absorption curves at two peaks (2.43 and 2.57 THz) are magnified and shown in Figs.7(b1) and (b2).We can find that the peaks of the absorption fluctuate less than 4% and the shifts of the resonant frequency are no more than 0.01 THz.This is an advantage for the mask fabrication because less processing accuracy is required to fabricate the structure of microfans.

Conclusions
In summary, we have designed an efficient terahertz multiband metamaterial absorber which can achieve over 91% absorption at the four targeted resonant frequencies.And these frequencies are close to the absorption spectra of the four drugs from 1.4 to 2.7 THz.The high absorptivity of the proposed absorber can be explained by the synergistic effect of the localized surface plasmon resonance enhancement, the Fabry-Perot resonant and the slow light effect.The error analyses of different structural parameters show that the error of the gap between subunits has a great effect on the absorbing performance but the radius of the vertex of the microfan has nearly no effect.

Fig. 1 .
Fig. 1.Schematics of meta-microwindmill terahertz absorber: (a) microwindmill structure on the top of a polyimide spacer and one unit cell showing the direction of propagation of incident EM waves, and (b) cross-sectional view of the unit cell.The wide (L) and length (P) of unit cell are L = 144 μm and P = 120 μm, respectively.

Fig. 5 .Fig. 6 .
Fig. 5. Electric energy density and energy loss density of the meta-microwindmill absorber along z axis under the subunit 3. (a) electric energy density, (b) energy loss density, (b1) detail view of energy loss density in the dielectric layer at 1.516 THz resonant frequency, and (c) energy loss density at 2 THz nonresonant frequency.(a) (b)

Fig. 7 .
Fig. 7. Absorption spectra of meta-microwindmill absorber at different parameters errors.(a) With different gaps between the opposite subunits (t) (when r = 0 μm), (b) With different radius (r) at the vertex of the microfan (when t = 5 μm), (b1) Detailed view of absorption peak at around 2.43 THz in Fig. 7(b) and (b2) Detailed view of absorption peak at around 2.57 THz in Fig. 7(b).

Figure 7 (
Figure 7(b) shows the effect of the radius (r) at the vertex of the microfan on the absorption.The radius (r) is changed from 0.5 to 2 μm with a step size of Δ r = 0.5 μm.As can be seen, there is almost no change for the absorption when the radius changes.To look into the details, the absorption curves at two peaks (2.43 and 2.57 THz) are magnified and shown in Figs.7(b1) and (b2).We can find that the peaks of the absorption fluctuate less than 4% and the shifts of the resonant frequency are no more than 0.01 THz.This is an advantage for the mask fabrication because less processing accuracy is required to fabricate the structure of microfans.