LCoS-based mode shaper for few-mode fiber

Spatial light modulation can be used to address specific fiber modes, as required in mode-division multiplexed systems. We theoretically compare phase-only spatial light modulation to a combination of amplitude and phase spatial light modulation in terms of insertion loss and crosstalk for a fiber supporting 11 LP modes. We experimentally demonstrate selective mode excitation using a Liquid Crystal on Silicon (LCoS) spatial light modulator configured to as phase and amplitude modulator. ©2013 Optical Society of America OCIS codes: (060.0060) Fiber optics and optical communications; (060.4230) Multiplexing; (060.2340) Fiber optics components. References and links 1. P. J. Winzer, “Optical networking beyond WDM,” IEEE Photon. J. 4(2), 647–651 (2012). 2. R.-J. Essiambre, G. Kramer, P. J. Winzer, G. J. Foschini, and B. Goebel, “Capacity limits of optical fiber networks,” J. Lightwave Technol. 28(4), 662–701 (2010). 3. S. Chandrasekhar, A. H. Gnauck, X. Liu, P. J. Winzer, Y. Pan, E. C. 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Introduction
In order to support the exponential growth of the Internet traffic demand in fiber optic communication systems, multiple degrees of freedom for the optical signal have been exploited over the past decades [1], such as increased symbol rates, wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM), polarization-division multiplexing (PDM) and higher-order modulation formats.However, recent studies that include fiber nonlinearity into the Shannon capacity framework [2] have shown that the transmission capacity over single mode fiber (SMF) is rapidly approaching fundamental limits.To overcome the capacity limit, a new degree of freedom must be exploited for multiplexing, and space has been identified as the next accessible dimension [1].In space-division multiplexing (SDM), a number of signals are sent over parallel uncoupled or coupled transmission paths.SDM can be used in combination with other known techniques like WDM, PDM, and higher-order modulation formats, and two SDM approaches are currently being investigated: • In multi-core fibers (MCFs) several fiber cores are arranged within the same cladding and are being used as different, either coupled or uncoupled communication channels [3][4][5][6].
• In few-mode fibers (FMFs) the size and the refractive index profile of a single fiber core is chosen such that several propagation modes are supported by the fiber.
The purpose of a mode multiplexer is to couple light from a set of SMF sources into different FMF propagation modes (or to specific unitary combinations thereof).At the receiver a mode demultiplexer is required to separate the different modes of the FMF into a set of parallel SMF.Over the past years, several multiplexer and demultiplexer techniques have been reported.These techniques include physically stressed fiber [18,19], spot couplers [20], photonic lanterns [21][22][23], 3D-waveguides [23], and spatial phase shaping of the optical profile with glass plates [24][25][26][27].Alternatively to the above static mode shaping techniques, dynamic and adaptive spatial light modulators (SLMs), such as reflective liquid crystal on silicon (LCoS) devices can also be used for mode shaping [28][29][30].Regarding the latter, mode multiplexers that shape the phase but not the amplitude of the spatial optical profile to be coupled into the FMF have so far been used.In this work we theoretically investigate and experimentally demonstrate beam shaping of both phase and amplitude using a LCoS modulator and discuss its relevance for coupling into higher-order modes of few-mode fibers.

Modes of a step-index few-mode fiber
The guided modes of a step-index profile fiber are determined by the diameter of the core, the refractive index profile of the fiber, and the wavelength of the optical signal [31,32].In a SMF these parameters are chosen such that only a single spatial mode (consisting of two degenerate polarization modes) can propagate along the fiber.All other modes do not propagate over extended distances in the fiber.Their power is radiated off quickly and cannot be received at the end of the fiber [33].However, with increased core diameter, increased refractive index difference between core and cladding, or decreased wavelength, an increasing number of higher-order modes can also be guided in the fiber.In this work we assume a step-index fiber with 16-µm core diameter, a refractive index of 1.46, and a relative difference between core and cladding refractive index of 0.5%.At 1550 nm, and as shown in Fig. 1, this fiber supports six true waveguide modes, namely the twofold degenerate HE 11 mode as well as the TE 01 , TM 01 , and the twofold degenerate HE 21 .The twofold degenerate HE 11 -modes (labeled a and b in Fig. 1) are also known as the two polarization modes making up the fiber's fundamental mode.Due to its Gaussian-like intensity profile, its flat phase front, and its linear polarization, the HE 11 can be excited with high efficiency by using linearly polarized Gaussian beams.The twofold degenerate HE 21 -modes (labeled a and b in Fig. 1), as well as TE 01 and TM 01 have a donut-shaped intensity profile and a polarization distribution that changes across the beam profile.In contrast to the fundamental mode, these polarization and intensity profiles are difficult to generate experimentally [34] At some distance, which can be in the range from centimeters to kilometers depending on the fiber properties, HE 21a and TE 01 are out of phase by π, resulting in the field distribution of LP 11bx , which has a 90-degree rotated intensity profile and polarization compared to the launched LP 11ay .Figure 2(a) shows the steady exchange of power between LP 11ay and LP 11bx along the fiber when LP 11ay is launched, and Fig. 2(b) shows the power exchange between LP 11ax and LP 11by when LP 11ax is launched.In our simulations total power exchange was observed every 11.5 cm (for LP 11ay ↔ LP 11bx ) respectively 2.7 m (for LP 11ax ↔ LP 11by ).This effect of modal birefringence is studied in detail in [35].As a consequence, even under ideal conditions, a receiver will always see a random mixture of the true waveguide modes making up the LP 11 'modes', and MIMO processing is required to recover the individual information streams [7].

Coupling into few-mode fiber
Mode-multiplexed systems require the ability to address individual fiber modes (or unitary combinations thereof) at the transmitter and at the receiver.Since it is often preferable to excite and detect LP spatial profiles instead of the true waveguide modes directly, mode shaping needs to take place before coupling into the fiber to adapt the usually single-mode source to the amplitude and phase profile of the respective LP 'mode'.For lower-order modes, the phase profile is the most prominent differentiator between modes.For example [24][25][26][27][28], use only a simple phase pattern to launch a specific mode.When only the phase profile but not the amplitude profile of the incident light is matched to the desired fiber LP 'mode' not all the optical power will couple into this target LP 'mode'.Some fraction of the incident power will then couple into other -typically higher order -LP 'modes'.If these unwanted LP 'modes' are not supported by the FMF the mismatch of the amplitude profile upon coupling only results in an insertion loss.However, if propagation of these unwanted LP 'modes' is supported by the fiber as well in the context of a mode multiplexing system, the corresponding spurious power will reach the receiver and act as (non-unitary, hence capacitydegrading) crosstalk [7,22].Furthermore, lack of amplitude shaping results in higher insertion loss for each individually shaped mode.
The insertion loss and crosstalk of the mode coupler is evaluated according to the arrangement shown in Fig. 3, where a fiber with a core diameter of 30-µm is assumed, that has a V-value of 8.87 and supports 11 LP 'modes'.This is done, because modal crosstalk by phase-only 'mode' shaping only arises when modes higher than LP 11 are supported by the FMF.Vertical polarized light from a SMF source is collimated to a Gaussian beam with waist radius W 0 and a plane phase front.The incident Gaussian beam can be expressed by its electrical and magnetic field where the total optical beam power is normalized to 1.The phase profile of the beam is changed by the spatial light modulator.Assuming a plane phase front of the incident beam, the phase profile of the SLM is defined by the phase profile of the LP (µ,υ) 'mode' to be shaped: Thus, the electromagnetic field of the shaped beam is given by: Neglecting reflection effects at the fiber surface, the optical field in the FMF can be described as a sum of guided and radiated LP 'modes' each weighted with a complex coupling coefficient C (µ,υ) [36] ( , ) LP( .) , ( , ) ( , ) LP( .) ( , ) .
The electro-magnetic field of the LP 'mode' is normalized as The coupling coefficient C (µ,υ) from an electro-magnetic field where * denotes complex conjugation and × is the outer product.The coupling efficiency from the incident beam power to the power of an excited LP 'mode' is finally given by .
As an example, we calculate coupling efficiencies for a FMF with a core diameter of 30 µm that has a V-number of 8.87 and supports 11 different LP 'modes'.The waist radius W 0 of the Gaussian beam is varied from 5 to 30 µm. Figure 4(a) shows the coupling efficiencies into several LP 'modes' supported by the fiber, if phase shaping for the LP 11 'mode' is used.Both the insertion loss into the desired LP 11 'mode' and the crosstalk into other LP 'modes' depend on the waist radius W 0 of the Gaussian beam.The optimal waist radius W 0,opt in terms of minimal insertion loss for LP 11 is 13.4 µm.Figure 4(a) also depicts the waist radius with lowest maximal crosstalk into an individual mode.However, at this waist radius LP 31 and LP 12 are excited with similar coupling efficiency, so the total power in undesired LP 'modes' is higher compared to W 0,opt .This simulation is repeated for all supported LP 'modes' of the FMF. Figure 4(b) shows insertion loss and crosstalk values better than −30 dB visualized in grey scale (brightness of area is proportional to absolute coupling coefficient).For each desired LP 'mode' the optimal waist radius W 0,opt in terms of insertion loss is retrieved.With phase-only spatial shaping of a Gaussian beam, coupling efficiency values between −0.1 dB (LP 01 ) and −3.2 dB (LP 51 ) are obtained.The highest crosstalk from a beam with LP 11 phase profile into the fiber LP 31 'mode' is −12 dB.Note that no crosstalk between LP 01 and LP 11 is observed, thus phase-only 'mode' shaping is sufficient for an FMF supporting only these LP 'modes'.In a FMF supporting more LP 'modes' phase-only shaping results in crosstalk, which degrades the system performance.When the SLM allows spatial attenuation to also match the amplitude profile of the launch signal to that of the desired LP 'mode' the crosstalk of the mode shaper can be significantly reduced.In this case the complex spatial shaping profile is chosen as: The clipping of the amplitude profile to ≤ 1 takes into account that only spatial attenuation but no amplification is considered.This clipping is the only source of the residual crosstalk of the mode shaper.An alternative choice for the spatial shape profile is to normalize it to a maximum amplitude of 1.This would result in further reduced crosstalk but also significantly increased insertion loss, which should be avoided.We choose clipping as a good compromise  between insertion loss and crosstalk.Figures 5(a) and 5(b) show simulation results for coupling efficiency and crosstalk when complex (phase and amplitude) shaping is applied instead of phase-only spatial light modulation.Due to the spatial attenuation the insertion loss is increased by between 0.1 dB and 1.2 dB for the various modes.But the crosstalk into undesired modes is significantly reduced to a maximal value of −19 dB instead of −12 dB with phase-only mode shaping.Thus, the net improvement is approximately 6 dB.The simulation results also show, that the optimal waist radius of the incident beam increases slightly for the lower-order LP 'modes' and decreases for higher-order LP 'modes'.

Amplitude shaping using a LCoS modulator
Spatial light modulation of phase and amplitude can be realized by combining a spatial phase modulator (eq.glass plates with different thicknesses, or a LCoS modulator) with an additional structure that provides spatial attenuation; devices that perform both functions in a single step are difficult to realize.A more practical approach is to use a phase-only modulator in combination with a spatial filter, consisting in its simplest form of a two-lens system with a pinhole located in between.The spatial filter converts spatial phase-modulation (PM) to spatial amplitude-modulation (AM) and thus generates complex light modulation if an adequate phase profile is used.The concept is shown in Fig. 6.The optical signal from a SMF is collimated generating a Gaussian-like beam.The optical beam is reflected on a LCoS modulator, where its optical phase profile can be adjusted by the LCoS pixels.For efficient fiber coupling the beam has to be adapted to the fiber core radius r core (see Figs. 4(a)-4(b) and 5(a)-5(b)) using a double telecentric system consisting of two lenses (L 1 , L 2 ).The optical profile at the FMF surface is scaled down by ( f 1 / f 2 ) relative to the profile on the LCoS modulator, where f 1 and f 2 are the focal lengths of the lenses.By placing a pinhole in the Fourier plane, which is located in the common focal plane between the lenses, a low pass filter for spatial frequency can be implemented.Regions on the LCoS modulator having a relative slow change in phase profile will generate low spatial frequency that are transferred to the field profile at the fiber facet at a corresponding position.On the other hand, region where the phase changes rapidly, will generate large spatial frequencies that are attenuated by the spatial filter and the amplitude at the corresponding position on the fiber facet is attenuated.The diameter of the pinhole is chosen so that the patterns with highest spatial frequency (i.e.checkerboard pattern) are blocked.In Fig. 6, for example, the part of the incident beam that is phase shaped with a checkerboard pattern is highly attenuated.The use of checkerboard pattern is advantageous because it generates the largest spatial frequency that the LCoS device is capable of, therefore maximizing the spatial frequency transfer for the desired phase and amplitude profile.By using a checkerboard with two independent pixel values the intensity and the phase of a reflected beam can be adjusted.While the intensity of the beam can be controlled by the difference of the pixel values, the phase shift can be set by the mean of the individual phase shifts.For complex spatial light modulation the LCoS surface can be divided into small areas, each having a checkerboard pattern with two pixel values for amplitude and phase shaping.

Experimental mode shaping using a LCoS modulator
Experimental investigation of mode shaping was performed according to the setup presented in Fig. 6.A SMF continuous-wave laser source with 5.4 dBm power is collimated to a Gaussian beam with a waist radius W 0 = 314 μm.After beam splitting (BS, 50/50), one part is spatially modulated by the LCoS modulator, the other part is used for coherent phase measurement in a Michelson interferometer type arrangement.The LCoS modulator (Aurora Systems ASI6010, optimized for 1550 nm) provides phase modulation of 1080x1920 pixels with 8 µm pitch.At 1550 nm the phase shift is adjustable in a 2π range.The incident Gaussian beam illuminates around 80x80 pixels on the LCoS modulator, which is sufficient for complex spatial light modulation.The FMF has a core diameter of 16 µm and supports only LP 01 and LP 11 'modes'.If a FMF is used that supports more LP 'modes' a larger beamsize and more LCoS pixel might be required.In addition the focal length of the lenses and the pinhole have to be adjusted to ensure, that the phase pattern of the highest order 'mode' still passes the pinhole, while a checkerboard pattern with a phase shift of π still leads to attenuation.

Device characteristics and calibration
To verify the capabilities of the complex SLM setup the optical profile is detected with an infrared sensitive InGaAs sensor array.For this purpose a different lens combination (f 1 = 75 mm, f 2 = 200 mm) is chosen to magnify the optical profile.The calibration setup is shown in Figs.7(a) and 7(b) for two exemplary LCoS patterns.Our measurements revealed several imperfections of the SLM: • The phase shift is not exactly linearly proportional to the pixel values written to the device.
• A small intensity modulation of about 1.5 dB is observed in addition to the phase modulation at phase shifts around π.
• The phase shift of a pixel is affected not only by its own voltage but partially also by that of the neighboring pixels.Hence, to calibrate the complex light modulation of the LCoS modulator, we wrote a checkerboard pattern formed by two independent phase values to the LCoS modulator.The spatially modulated beam and the reference beam are projected on the sensor array at the interferometer output.By varying both phase values of the checkerboard pattern, the observed light amplitude is changed by factor a LCoS and the phase is changed by φ LCoS .In the general case, where the phase front of both beams is not exactly parallel to the sensor array, the complex envelope of the electrical fields LCoS ( , )  E x y , Ref ( , ) E x y on the sensor surface can be expressed as: ( ) where LCoS ( , ) E x y corresponds to the beam profile that is reflected from the LCoS modulator and Ref ( , )  E x y to the unshaped reference beam that is reflected from the mirror.0 ( , ) E x y is the field profile of the reflected from a blank LCoS modulator (e.g.without shaping), k LCoS,x , k LCoS,y , k Ref,x , k Ref,y depend on the angle between the phase front of both beam and the sensor surface in x-and y-direction.The phase offset φ Ref of the reference beam is constant, while the phase offset of the shaped beam φ LCoS depends on the LCoS pixel values.Since the sensor array cannot detect the optical phase, it detects the intensity profiles if only one beam illuminates the sensor array at once (the other beam is blocked in this case).
If the shaped beam is superposed with the reference beam, the intensity profile captured by the sensor consists of lines of constructive and destructive interference.The measured intensity on the sensor is shown in Fig. 7(a) and can be expressed as ( ) The optical components (lenses, mirror, LCoS modulator) are adjusted so that the interference profile has only vertical lines with a periodicity of about 0.5 mm . By applying a checkerboard pattern to the LCoS modulator, the amplitude and the position of the interference lines change according to Eq. (17). Figure 8(a) shows horizontal cross sections of the intensity patterns captured on the sensor.Intensity curves of the reference beam, the shaped beam, and the interference of both are detected.The attenuation and the phase shift of this pixel pair can be retrieved by minimizing the following function: Figure 8(b) shows graphically how the weighted cosine is fitted to the intensity profile of the interference.This phase and attenuation estimation is done for all possible combinations of the two pixel values.

Mode shaping using spatial phase and amplitude modulation
For the demonstration of the complex SLM structure, the incident beam widened much more.The corresponding intensity image without modulation is depicted in Fig. 11(a).The complex modulation profile is given by Eq. ( 11).This required modulation profile is divided into small regions equivalent to 2x2 pixels on the LCoS modulator.For each region a checkerboard with 2x2 pixels (the smallest possible checkerboard size) with the required pair of pixel values is calculated.Figure 11(b) shows the pattern that is written to the LCoS modulator.In regions with high attenuation, neighboring pixels have a phase difference of approximately π, while neighboring pixels have similar values in regions with less attenuation.In the right half of the shaped area the mean phase shift is π/2 and in the left half it is 3π/2.Since the incident beam is much wider than the LP 11 'mode' to be shaped, significant power is lost within the areas of high attenuation.Figure 11(c) shows the intensity profile after complex SLM that fits more precisely to the desired LP 11a 'mode'.The interference of the shaped beam with the reference beam is depicted in Fig. 11(d) and visualizes the phase jump of π between both LP 11a parts.While both profiles fit quite good to the theoretical profile in horizontal direction, the optical profile using PM is significantly larger in vertical direction than the measured profile of AM + PM and theory.Thus, higher crosstalk into other modes can be expected with the measured PM profile compared to the AM + PM profile.

Fiber Coupling Results
For launching the LP 11 mode into the fiber, the setup according to Fig. 13 is used.The optical beam is vertically polarized at the transmitter side.The incident beam power onto the LCoS modulator is 0.20 dBm and the optical power before fiber launching is −4.7 dBm.After spatial light modulation the beam is demagnified with two lenses with focal length of 200 mm and 9.5 mm to fit the FMF dimension.All optical components and the fiber are carefully aligned in three dimensions and two tilt angles.Slight misalignments result in crosstalk into other than desired modes.The FMF with a length of 5 cm is fixed straight and without significant stress.After propagation the outcoming beam is enlarged again with a 9.5-mm lens and a 300-mm lens and detected with the infrared sensitive sensor.The reference beam bypasses the fiber and is interfered with the shaped beam after the fiber with a second BS in a Mach-Zehnder structure.Power measurement is also used at one side of this BS (reference beam blocked in this case).A second polarization filter allows signal detection in vertical and horizontal polarizations, respectively.Figures 14(a the different polarizations after the fiber separately, the impact of the mode coupling as explained in section 2 is evident.Since only vertical polarized light is launched, the optical profiles with horizontal polarization filter after the fiber corresponds to cross coupling within the fiber.Noteworthy is that even for such a short fiber (5 cm), some coupling between LP 11ay and LP 11bx is observed.The coupling between LP 11by and LP 11ax is however much smaller.Qualitatively, this observation is in agreement with the simulated coupling values in Figs.
2(a) and 2(b) because the length of power exchange of LP 11ay and LP 11bx is in the range of centimeters, while for LP 11by and LP 11ax are expected to exchange power in the range of meters, which is significantly longer than the used fiber length of 5 cm.The detection of small portions of LP 11bx in the case of LP 01 and LP 11b 'mode' shaping could be explained with nonperfect alignment of the components (small amount of LP 11ay is launched as well) and limited selectivity of the polarization filters (LP 11by is detected as LP 11bx ).

Conclusion
We analyzed the crosstalk properties of mode multiplexers based on spatial light modulators, and numerically showed that the crosstalk into higher order modes can significantly be reduced by using amplitude shaping in addition to the already discussed phase-only shaping of the optical profile.Complex spatial light modulation comes at the price of slightly increased insertion loss and system complexity but improves the performance of mode multiplexing systems supporting a large number of modes.A practical realization for a complex spatial-light modulator is proposed and experimentally demonstrated.The proposed device uses a LCoS phase-only spatial light modulator, and a simple spatial filter.The device is adaptive which is advantageous in early stage of research where the flexibility to support multiple different fiber types is required.For practical application in optical communication, the use of fixed phase plates instead of the LCoS modulator might be preferable in terms of loss, physical size and costs, at the expense of adaptability Finally, we theoretically analyzed and experimentally demonstrated the presence of coupling between the LP 11 modes of a fewmode fiber even for a very short 5 cm long fiber.The capability to precisely excite fiber modes could be of interest in other fields like optical sensing or image transfer over multimode fibers.

Fig. 2 .
Fig. 2. Simulated power distribution between different LP 11 -modes at different propagation distances when coupled into the fiber.(a) LP 11ay and LP 11bx exchange power within 11.5 cm.(b) LP 11ax and LP 11by (b) exchange power within 5.4m.

Fig. 3 .
Fig. 3. Setup to evaluate insertion loss and modal crosstalk for phase-only LP 'mode' shaping and coupling into FMF (core area depicted in blue).

Fig. 4 .
Fig. 4. (a) Simulated coupling efficiency for phase-only 'mode' shaping assuming the coupling of a target LP 11 'mode' into a FMF supporting 11 LP 'modes'.(b) Coupling efficiency (showing insertion loss and crosstalk) for all LP 'mode' shaped beams into all supported fiber LP 'modes'.

Fig. 6 .
Fig. 6.Optical setup for complex spatial light modulation and coupling into FMF

Fig. 7 .
Fig. 7. Optical setup for calibrating the LCoS spatial phase and amplitude modulation characteristics.With uniform LCoS modulator pattern the modulated and the reference beam pass the mask (a).With checkerboard phase pattern higher harmonics in the spatial Fourier transform of the shaped beam are blocked by the mask (b).

Fig. 8 .
Fig. 8. a) Optical intensity of one camera sensor row.Overlay of measured profiles of the beam reflected by the mirror and the LCoS modulator and the interference of both.b) Cosine function fitted to measured profile to estimate amplitude and phase of the spatially modulated beam.

Figure 9 (Fig. 9 .
Figure 9(a) shows a contour plot of the resulting attenuation a LCoS and Fig. 9(b) shows the contour plot of the phase shift φ LCoS .The measurements reveal that the phase can be varied in a range of 2π and the attenuation in a range of 16 dB.

3. 2 Fig. 10 .
Fig. 10.Measured intensity profiles after mode shaping for LP 01 and LP 11 with both vertical and horizontal orientations of the phase jump, without (upper row) and with (lower row) Michelson interference with a reference beam.

Fig. 11 .
Fig. 11.Captured image of beam profile before modulation (a), phase shift pattern written to the LCoS modulator (b), intensity profile after LP 11a modulation without (c) and with interference (d).

Figures 12 (
Figures 12(a) and 12(b) show the horizontal and vertical cross-sections of the measured intensity profiles with phase-only (PM) and additional amplitude modulation (AM + PM) together with the simulated curve.The intensity and the diameter are normalized in each case.

Fig. 12 .
Fig.12.Horizontal (a) and vertical (b) cross-section of the measured LP 11 intensity profiles with phase-only modulation, complex modulation and the theoretical curve.

Fig. 14 .
Fig. 14.Measured intensity profile of shaped LP 01 (a + d), LP 11a (b + e) and LP 11b (c + f) after 5 cm of FMF with vertical (a-c) and horizontal (d-f) polarization filter at the receiver.
Intensity and electrical field orientation of the LP 01 and the two degenerate LP 11 'modes' propagating in the fiber.The LP 01 mode and both LP 11 'modes' appear in vertical and horizontal polarizations.thewaveguide modes HE 21 , TE 01 , and TM 01 , can be approximated by the so called linear polarized (LP) 'modes'.Note that even though the resulting LP 11 'modes' are not true waveguide modes , they are still orthogonal but undergo unitary transformations upon propagation.For example, if LP 11ay is launched into the fiber, it couples into the waveguide modes HE 21a + TE 01 , which propagate with slightly different phase velocities, resulting in an increasing phase shift between HE 21a and TE 01 .
)-14(f) show the measured profiles of LP 01 , LP 11a , and LP 11b together with the measured optical power values in both polarizations.A difference of the insertion loss of 3 dB between LP 01 and LP 11 modes can be seen.Possible reasons are that the incident beam diameter fits more to LP 01 than to LP 11 and that the required phase jump for LP 01 leads to additional attenuation in the non-perfectly aligned optical setup.By looking at