Impulse radio ultrawideband pulse shaper based on a programmable photonic chip frequency discriminator

We report and experimentally demonstrate the generation of impulse radio ultrawideband (UWB) pulses using a photonic chip frequency discriminator. The discriminator consists of three add-drop optical ring resonators (ORRs) which are fully programmable using thermo-optical tuning. This discriminator chip in combination with a phase modulator forms a temporal differentiator where phase modulation is converted to intensity modulation (PM-IM conversion). By means of tailoring the discriminator response using either the individual or the cascade of drop and through responses of the ORRs, first-order or second-order temporal differentiations are obtained. Using this principle, the generation of UWB monocycle, doublet and modified doublet pulses are demonstrated. The use of this CMOS-compatible discriminator is promising for the realization of a compact and low cost UWB transmitter. ©2011 Optical Society of America OCIS codes: (060.2360) Fiber optics links and subsystems; (060.5060) Phase modulation; (060.5625) Radio frequency photonics; (070.6020) Continuous optical signal processing; (130.3120) Integrated optics devices; (350.4010) Microwaves. References and links 1. J. Capmany and D. Novak, “Microwave photonics combines two worlds,” Nat. Photonics 1(6), 319–330 (2007). 2. M. H. Khan, H. Shen, Y. Xuan, L. Zhao, S. Xiao, D. E. Leaird, A. M. Wiener, and M. Qi, “Ultrabroadbandwidth arbitrary radiofrequency waveform generation with a silicon photonic chip-based spectral shaper,” Nat. Photonics 4(2), 117–122 (2010). 3. J. Yao, F. Zheng, and Q. Wang, “Photonic generation of ultrawideband signals,” J. Lightwave Technol. 25(11), 3219–3235 (2007). 4. J. 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Introduction
Microwave photonics (MWP) techniques for the generation and processing of RF signals have enjoyed a surge of interests in the last few years.Generation of arbitrary microwave and RF waveforms [1][2][3] and fundamental RF signal processing techniques such as differentiation and integration [4][5][6][7] using photonic devices and systems have recently been reported.These functionalities have exploited the advantage of unprecedented bandwidth of photonics.One application that benefits from these functionalities is the ultrawideband (UWB) over fiber technology.In this approach UWB signals are generated and later on distributed in the optical domain to increase the reach of the UWB transmission, similar to the more general concept of radio over fiber.In the last five years numerous techniques have been proposed for the socalled photonic generation of impulse-radio UWB (IR-UWB) pulses [3,[8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25].The generated pulses are usually the variants of Gaussian monocycles, doublets or in some occasion higherorder derivatives of the basic Gaussian pulses.These techniques usually aim at generating the pulses which power spectral densities (PSD) satisfy the regulation (i.e.spectral mask) specified by the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) for indoor UWB systems.
Different techniques that have been proposed for IR-UWB pulses generation include spectral shaping combined with frequency-to-time mapping [8,9], nonlinear biasing of a Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM) [10,11], and direct modulation of a semiconductor laser by exploiting the frequency chirp [12] or the relaxation oscillation [13].The most popular techniques to generate the UWB pulses, however, are based on two principles.The first approach is to use MWP delay-line filter to achieve either spectral filtering of the Gaussian input in the frequency domain or to approximate nth-order derivatives of the Gaussian input pulse with the nth-order differences [7,[14][15][16][17][18].In the second approach, phase modulation-tointensity modulation (PM-IM) conversion is used to achieve temporal differentiations (in most cases first-order derivatives, i.e. monocycles) of the input Gaussian pulse [19][20][21][22][23][24][25].
On the other hand, nowadays we have seen a growing trend to demonstrate various MWP functionalities with on-chip integrated photonic approach [26].Functionalities like integrator [5], differentiator [6], arbitrary waveform generation [27], beam forming [28], RF filtering [29,30] and MWP link [31] have been demonstrated in integrated photonic form very recently.Keeping up with these approaches, we recently reported a CMOS-compatible photonic chip frequency discriminator [31] consisting of optical ring resonators (ORRs) in an add-drop configuration.These ORRs are fully programmable using thermo-optical tuning mechanism.The discriminator chip was initially implemented in a phase-modulated MWP link [31] to perform a PM-IM conversion, leading to a high dynamic range analog photonic link with a simple direct detection scheme instead of the complex coherent detection.
In this paper we use the photonic chip discriminator reported in [31] to perform the PM-IM conversion necessary in a photonic IR-UWB generator.We experimentally demonstrate the generation of Gaussian monocycles, doublets and the modified doublets [11] that comply with the FCC-regulation for indoor UWB transmission [32].The approach of using a ring resonator as frequency discriminator and UWB pulses generation has previously been reported by Liu et al. [6,23].In these reported works, the PM-IM conversion was achieved using the linear region of the power response of an all-pass microring resonator and the generated pulses were limited to Gaussian monocycles.In this paper we use the through or drop responses of an ORR to generate monocycle pulses and the cascade of different ORR responses to generate the doublets and the modified doublets.To the best of our knowledge, this is the very first demonstration of IR-UWB pulses generation, beyond the simple monocycles using an integrated photonic chip.As explicitly stated in several previously reported works [11,[20][21][22], the approach of IR-UWB pulses generation using an integrated photonic chip instead of discrete components is highly desirable.

Theoretical analysis of UWB generation
A typical signal commonly considered as the basis function in IR-UWB transmission is the Gaussian pulse expressed as [32] ( ) ( ) where A and σ are the amplitude and the spread factor of the Gaussian pulse, respectively.As mentioned earlier, most of the approaches reported for photonic generation of IR-UWB pulses are aiming at the creation of higher-order derivatives of the pulse in Eq. ( 1) in order to reduce the low-frequency components in the pulse and to comply with the FCC regulation.The normalized power spectral density (PSD) of the nth-order derivatives of the pulse in Eq. ( 1) can be expressed as [32] ( ) where 2 f ω π = is the angular frequency and n is the order of derivation.Substituting n = 0, 1 or 2 to Eq. (2) will result in the PSD of the Gaussian pulse, monocycle or doublet, respectively.The PSDs of these pulses, with σ = 50 ps are plotted in decibels in Fig. 1a.As seen in this figure, the monocycle and the doublet can be obtained by means of filtering the spectrum of the Gaussian pulse.In this case, the nth-order derivative PSD can be written as where S 0 (ω) is the PSD of the Gaussian input and H n (ω) is the transfer function of the filter used to generate the nth-order derivative.The squared magnitude of the transfer functions calculated from Eqs. ( 2) and ( 3) are plotted in Fig. 1b.It can be seen that the filter attenuates the low frequency components of the input Gaussian pulse.For this reason, the resulting higher-order derivative pulses are more suited for transmission with antennas and comply better with the FCC regulation [32].Thus, in order to generate the monocycle or the doublet one must synthesize the magnitude responses in Fig. 1b.This filtering technique for photonic IR-UWB generation has been investigated in the past [3,7,[14][15][16][17][18].In this case, the approach essentially reduces to synthesizing a microwave photonic filter (MPF) with an electrical transfer function approximating the filter responses in Fig. 1b or even more complicated responses [17].In this work we will demonstrate that the PM-IM conversion using the frequency discriminator chip constitutes an MPF with a transfer function that can be programmed to generate the monocycle, doublet and potentially more complex responses.

The photonic chip frequency discriminator
The schematic of the photonic chip discriminator used in this work is shown in Fig. 2a.The chip consists of five add-drop ring resonators.However, in this work only three of the rings (Rings 1-3) are used while Rings 4 and 5 are tuned out of resonance to show an all-pass filter response and hence do not play any role in the experiments.The ORRs have a free spectral range of 21.5 GHz and they are fully-reconfigurable in terms of resonance frequency and quality factor using thermo-optical tuning mechanism.The tuning speed to fully reconfigure the ORR response is in the order of 0.5 ms.During the experiments the chip is temperature stabilized to maintain the desired response.For the ease the measurements, the chip has been packaged, where electrical connections to a pair of PCBs have been established (for tuning purposes) and fiber array units have been connected to the optical inputs and outputs.The measured fiber to-chip coupling loss is 12.5 dB/facet.The loss is mainly attributed to the absence of spot size converters at the chip facets [31].The photograph of the packaged frequency discriminator is shown in Fig. 2b.The details of the chip fabrication (waveguide technology, ORR specifications) and characterization (waveguide propagation loss, fiber-tochip coupling loss) have been reported in [31].The packaged photonic chip with fiber array units and wirebonded PCBs (from [31]).
The ORRs in the chip are arranged such that two outputs can simultaneously be used in the experiments.At Out 1 one can observe three different responses depending on the programmed settings, namely the drop response of Ring 1, the through response of Ring 2 or the cascade of these responses.Similarly, at Out 2, the individual through responses of Ring 1 and Ring 3 as well as the cascade of these responses can be obtained.The programmability of the output responses of the chip is very high since each ORR can independently be configured in terms of resonance frequency and quality factor (Q-factor).The chip is then programmed to synthesize the output responses that lead to the generation of IR-UWB pulses.

Experiments
The schematic of the measurement setup is shown in Fig. 3.The light from a high power DFB laser (EM4 Inc.) is phase modulated in a 10-GHz phase modulator (Covega Mach-10) with electrical Gaussian pulses generated by a pulse pattern generator (PPG) (Anritsu MP17633).The PPG is driven at a rate of 4 Gb/s with a fixed pattern of one "1" per 64 bits which are equivalent to a Gaussian pulse train with a repetition rate of 62.5 MHz.This relatively low rate was chosen such that output pulse from the system can still be measured using an oscilloscope (Agilent 54850) with a maximum frequency 4 GHz (an oscilloscope with a higher frequency range was not available during the experiments).In this case the theoretical Gaussian pulse full width at half-maximum (FWHM) is about 250 ps.Later on, when the compliance with the FCC spectral mask of the shaped pulse is investigated, the PPG was driven with repetition rate of 12.5 Gb/s with a pattern of one "1" per 64 bits.In this case the Gaussian pulse FWHM is 80 ps.In all cases the peak-to-peak amplitude (V pp ) of these pulses is set to 2.5 V.The phase modulated signal is then transferred into intensity modulation in the discriminator photonic chip.To overcome the loss in the optical chip a pair of EDFAs is used at the outputs of the discriminator prior to the photodetectors.Here we use a 10 GHz balanced photodetector (BPD, DSC 710) where the inputs are addressed one at a time.To measure the spectrum of the shaped pulses an RF spectrum analyzer (RFSA, Agilent MXA N9020A) is used.Fig. 3. Schematic of the measurement setup used to demonstrate the pulse shaping.The discriminator chip is configured to shape the Gaussian pulses modulated onto the phase of the optical carrier into a monocycle or a doublet.To overcome the fiber-to-chip coupling loss a pair of EDFAs is placed at the chip output.DFB: distributed feedback laser, PPG: pulse pattern generator, PM: phase modulator, PD: photodetector, RFSA: RF spectrum analyzer.

Monocycle generation with one ORR
To generate monocycle pulses the photonic chip is programmed such that only one ORR is in resonance (in this case Ring 1 of Fig. 2a).The other ORRs are tuned out of resonance.We select the through response of Ring 1 observed at Out 2 of the chip (Fig. 1) to perform the PM-IM conversion.In principle, the drop response (from Out 1) should also yield similar results.A similar technique as reported in [31] has been used to characterize the static (i.e.without modulation) response of the ORR.The result is depicted in Fig. 4a, which clearly shows the notch filter behavior of the ORR through response.This static characteristic will be used to set the laser wavelength for operation in the desired region of the filter response.Next, the laser light is phase modulated with a Gaussian electrical pulse train as described in the previous section.The waveform and the PSD of the input Gaussian pulse are depicted in the inset of Fig. 3.The FWHM of the Gaussian pulse is measured to be 237 ps and the spectral content reaches to 4 GHz.To achieve PM-IM conversion the laser wavelength is aligned to each of the linear slopes (positive and negative slopes in Fig. 4a output of the photodetector using a vector network analyzer (Agilent PNA N5230A).This constitutes a squared magnitude response of a microwave photonic filter (MPF) as suggested in Eq. ( 3).The measured result is compared to the calculated MPF response for monocycle generation (Eq.( 3) and Fig. 1b).These results are shown in Fig. 4d.The measurement and the calculated response show a similar trend and a good match at lower frequencies (lower than 3 GHz).Deviations are observed at higher frequencies which might come from the limited range of the linear region of the ORR response.As analyzed in [31] this is directly limited by the waveguide propagation loss in the optical chip (1.2 dB/cm at 1550 nm).However, a much lower propagation loss of below 0.1 dB/cm can already be achieved using the same waveguide technology as the one used in our photonic chip [33].Besides the MPF theory, a time domain approach can also be used to understand the process of monocycle generation with this frequency discriminator chip.As previously reported [6,23], PM-IM conversion with a ring resonator can be regarded as temporal differentiation of the input electrical pulse.This is illustrated in Fig. 5a.Since the phase modulator is driven with a Gaussian pulse, the instantaneous phase of the optical signal, φ(t), resembles a Gaussian shape.The instantaneous frequency, being the first-order derivative of φ(t), takes the monocycle function.This instantaneous change in frequency is linearly transferred into instantaneous change in optical power via the linear response of the ORR which essentially is a frequency discriminator.This results in a monocycle electrical pulse after the photodetection process.As explained before, this behavior can be explained in the frequency domain representation as a simple filtering of the input Gaussian PSD, S 0 (ω), to produce the PSD of the monocycle, S 1 (ω) at the output.This is illustrated in Fig. 5b.

Doublet and modified doublet generation with cascaded ORRs
To generate Gaussian doublets the photonic chip is programmed such that two ORRs, Ring 1 and Ring 3, are in resonance.The cascade of two through responses of these ORRs is observed at Out 2. By means of tuning the phase shifters on the rings [31], the resonance frequency of Ring 3 can be brought closer to the resonance frequency of Ring 1.The measured cascade response is shown in Fig. 6a together with the simulated response as well as the individual through responses of Ring 1 and Ring 3. Next, the laser wavelength is tuned to the position indicated also in Fig. 6a.The electrical signal from Out 2 after photodetection process is a Gaussian doublet with a waveform shown in Fig. 6b.The width of the pulse is 162 ps.The measured PSD of this pulse is shown in Fig. 6c.The measured spectrum is compared with the calculated doublet spectrum from Eq. ( 2), substituting n = 2 and σ = 110 ps (shown as the envelope in Fig. 6c).The measured MPF electrical transfer function of the system programmed for double generation is depicted in Fig. 6d.The measured values (thick line) are compared with the calculated response (thin line).As observed in the monocycle generation, a deviation is occurred at higher frequencies (beyond 3 GHz).This might be attributed to the limited frequency range of the response in Fig. 6a usable for the doublet generation.
In previously reported investigations of photonic generation of IR-UWB pulses, compliance with the FCC spectral mask is often emphasized.In this case it is desired to fill the spectral mask efficiently without violating it.Recently, Abraha et al. [11] reported a scheme where an FCC compliant pulse is generated using a linear combination of modified doublet pulses.The modified doublet is a doublet variant of which the amplitude ratio between its positive and negative part of the doublet pulse is slightly modified [11].In the frequency domain, this type of pulses can be distinguished from a conventional doublet by a notch in the lower frequency region of its PSD.Theoretically, the PSD of the modified doublet can be expressed as where k is an arbitrary scaling parameter.In case of k =1 the pulse becomes a conventional doublet.In order to demonstrate the generation of a modified doublet and to check the spectral compliance with the FCC indoor mask a higher bit rate (12.5 Gb/s) from the PPG is used.The chip is then carefully tuned while observing the output PSD of the generated pulses.This procedure is equivalent to adjusting the scaling parameter, k, such that the notch in the pulse PSD is aligned with the notch in the FCC mask that corresponds to the GPS frequency band (0.96-1.61 GHz) [32].The measured PSD is depicted in Fig. 7, together with the calculated PSD from Eq. ( 4).The best fit of the measured and the calculated PSDs is obtained with k = 1.24 and σ = 50 ps.As can be seen from the figure, the resulting pulse does not fully comply with the FCC regulation.This is expected since theoretically the modified doublet by itself Fig. 7.The power spectrum of a modified doublet pulse generated from the cascade of through responses of two ORRs.The envelope is calculated using Eq. ( 4).does not fit the FCC mask.The linear combination of two of such pulses with different polarity and a time delay between them will eventually satisfy the FCC regulation [11].But to the best of our knowledge, this is the very first demonstration of a modified doublet generation using an integrated photonic chip approach

Simultaneous generation of two modified doublets
So far we have demonstrated the generation of a wide variety of UWB pulses from one output of the photonic chip (Out 2).The other output that consists of the drop response of Ring 1 and the through response of Ring 2 can also be programmed to generate UWB pulses.In fact, the two outputs can be programmed to simultaneously yield UWB pulses.This is particularly interesting since it has been demonstrated that FCC compliant pulses can be generated by means of a linear combination of two time-delayed UWB pulses, like the modified doublets [11] or asymmetric monocycles [25].Thus, it is desirable to have a pair of UWB pulses from the same system that can later on be delayed and linearly combined to create more complex pulses.For the sake of demonstration, we programmed the photonic chip such that both outputs simultaneously produce two modified doublets.As has been previously demonstrated, these two modified doublets can then be mutually delayed and linearly combined to create a more complex (and FCC compliant) pulse.It is customary to generate this mutual delay with a length difference of two optical fibers [11].It is very interesting however, to combine the UWB generation technique reported in this work together with on-chip delay generation.This however requires ultra-low loss optical waveguides as delay lines.Recently, such a delay line with a propagation loss as low as 0.7 dB/m has been demonstrated using a high-index-contrast stoichiometric silicon nitride waveguides [34].Combined with the work presented here, such CMOS-compatible delay lines will be very relevant for low cost and compact photonic IR-UWB transmitters.

Conclusions
The generation of IR-UWB pulses using a photonic chip frequency discriminator has been reported.The high degree of programmability of the chip allows the generation of a widevariety of pulses, such as opposite polarity monocycles, conventional and modified doublets.Analysis of the generation process has been presented based on the time domain (temporal differentiation) and frequency domain (microwave photonic filtering) approaches.We believe this is the first time the generation of UWB pulses beyond the monocycles is demonstrated with integrated photonic chip.The reported work is very relevant for the development of low cost photonic IR-UWB pulse shaper and transmitter.The possibility to implement this pulse generation technique to be adaptable for various modulation formats will be investigated.

Fig. 1 .
Fig. 1.(a) The power spectral densities (PSDs) of the Gaussian, monocycle and doublet pulses (Eq.(2)) for σ = 50 ps.(b) Squared magnitude of the filter response that shapes the spectrum of the input Gaussian pulse into the spectrum of the monocycle or the doublet.

Fig. 2 .
Fig. 2. The photonic chip frequency discriminator used in this work.(a) Chip schematic.Three ORRs are used to simultaneously generate the IR-UWB pulses from Out 1 and Out 2. (b)The packaged photonic chip with fiber array units and wirebonded PCBs (from[31]).
) of the through response.Depending on the slope of the PM-IM conversion, Gaussian monocycles with opposite polarities are generated.The measured waveforms of these monocycles are shown in Fig. 4b.The PSD of the positive polarity monocycle is then measured and the result is shown in Fig. 4c.The measured response is compared to the theoretical PSD of a monocycle obtained from Eq. (2) by substituting n =1 and σ = 110 ps.A proper attenuation factor has been chosen to have a good fit.The measured PSD shows a good agreement with the theoretical response.Next, we measure the electrical transfer function from the input of the phase modulator to the #155805 -$15.00USD Received 30 Sep 2011; revised 10 Nov 2011; accepted 11 Nov 2011; published 21 Nov 2011 (C) 2011 OSA

Fig. 4 .
Fig. 4. Measurement results on the monocycle generation with one ORR.(a) Measured Ring 1 through response.(b) Waveforms of the generated monocycles.(c) Power spectral density of the positive polarity monocycle.(d) Comparison of the theoretical and the measured transfer function of the microwave photonic filter synthesized for the monocycle generation.

Fig. 5 .
Fig. 5. Two ways to explain the monocycle generation using the ORR frequency discriminator.(a) Time domain approach where the instantaneous frequency change of the optical carrier is linearly transferred to the intensity modulation via linear frequency discrimination.(b) Frequency domain approach, where the monocycle is generated via MPF spectral filtering of the input Gaussian pulse.

#Fig. 6 .
Fig. 6.Measurement results on the doublet generation with a cascade of two ORRs.(a) Measured Ring 1 and Ring 3 through responses depicted together with simulation results.(b) Waveforms of the generated doublet.(c) Power spectral density of the generated doublet compared with the theoretical response.(d) Comparison of the theoretical and the measured transfer function of the microwave photonic filter synthesized for the doublet generation.

Fig. 8 .
Fig. 8.The photonic chip discriminator response used for simultaneous generation of two modified doublets from Out 1and Out 2. (a) Simulated responses.(b) Measured responses.The relative position of the laser frequency is indicated by the arrow.

Fig. 9 .
Fig. 9. Measurement results on the simultaneous generation of two modified doublets from Out 1and Out 2. (a) Waveforms of the generated pulses.(b) Power spectral density of the generated modified doublets.