Three-dimensional subwavelength confinement of terahertz electromagnetic surface modes in a coupled slit structure

We report on the three-dimensional subwavelength confinement of the electromagnetic waves at a coupled metallic slit structure beyond diffraction limit in terahertz region. Lateral confinement behavior, leading to the three-dimensional confinement, is caused by a strong funneling effect of the light which occurs at the intersection of slits with a sharp metal geometry. Tunability of the resonant frequency and the position of the light confinement is achieved by controlling the slit length and the position of the intersection of slits, respectively. ©2011 Optical Society of America OCIS codes: (300.6495) Spectroscopy, Terahertz; (240.6680) Surface plasmons; (260.3910) Metal optics. References and links 1. W. L. Barnes, A. Dereux, and T. W. Ebbesen, “Surface plasmon subwavelength optics,” Nature 424(6950), 824– 830 (2003). 2. C. Genet and T. W. Ebbesen, “Light in tiny holes,” Nature 445(7123), 39–46 (2007). 3. Y. Kawano and K. Ishibashi, “An on-chip near-field terahertz probe and detector,” Nat. Photonics 2(10), 618– 621 (2008). 4. H. Yoshida, Y. Ogawa, Y. Kawai, S. Hayashi, A. Hayashi, C. Otani, E. Kato, F. Miyamaru, and K. Kawase, “Terahertz sensing method for protein detection using a thin metallic mesh,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 91(25), 253901 (2007). 5. C. M. Bingham, H. Tao, X. Liu, R. D. Averitt, X. Zhang, and W. J. Padilla, “Planar wallpaper group metamaterials for novel terahertz applications,” Opt. Express 16(23), 18565–18575 (2008). 6. J. B. Pendry, L. Martín-Moreno, and F. J. García-Vidal, “Mimicking surface plasmons with structured surfaces,” Science 305(5685), 847–848 (2004). 7. F. J. García-Vidal, L. Martín-Moreno, and J. B. Pendry, “Surfaces with holes in them: new plasmonic metamaterials,” J. Opt. A, Pure Appl. Opt. 7(2), S97–S101 (2005). 8. Y. Takakura, “Optical resonance in a narrow slit in a thick metallic screen,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 86(24), 5601–5603 (2001). 9. F. Yang and J. R. Sambles, “Resonant transmission of microwaves through a narrow metallic slit,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 89(6), 063901 (2002). 10. F. J. García-Vidal, E. Moreno, J. A. Porto, and L. Martín-Moreno, “Transmission of light through a single rectangular hole,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 95(10), 103901 (2005). 11. J. W. Lee, M. A. Seo, D. H. Kang, K. S. Khim, S. C. Jeoung, and D. S. Kim, “Terahertz electromagnetic wave transmission through random arrays of single rectangular holes and slits in thin metallic sheets,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 99(13), 137401 (2007). 12. J. W. Lee, M. A. Seo, D. J. Park, D. S. Kim, S. C. Jeoung, Ch. Lienau, Q. H. Park, and P. C. M. Planken, “Shape resonance omni-directional terahertz filters with near-unity transmittance,” Opt. Express 14(3), 1253–1259 (2006). 13. J. W. Lee, M. A. Seo, D. J. Park, S. C. Jeoung, Q. H. Park, Ch. Lienau, and D. S. Kim, “Terahertz transparency at Fabry-Perot resonances of periodic slit arrays in a metal plate: experiment and theory,” Opt. Express 14(26), 12637–12643 (2006). 14. M. A. Seo, H. R. Park, S. M. Koo, D. J. Park, J. H. Kang, O. K. Suwal, S. S. Choi, P. C. M. Planken, G. S. Park, N. K. Park, Q. H. Park, and D. S. Kim, “Terahertz field enhancement by a metallic nano slit operating beyond the skin-depth limit,” Nat. Photonics 3(3), 152–156 (2009). 15. A. Devilez, N. Bonod, J. Wenger, D. Gérard, B. Stout, H. Rigneault, and E. Popov, “Three-dimensional subwavelength confinement of light with dielectric microspheres,” Opt. Express 17(4), 2089–2094 (2009). #150043 $15.00 USD Received 28 Jun 2011; revised 23 Aug 2011; accepted 5 Sep 2011; published 30 Sep 2011 (C) 2011 OSA 10 October 2011 / Vol. 19, No. 21 / OPTICS EXPRESS 20199 16. M. K. Seo, S. H. Kwon, H. S. Ee, and H. G. Park, “Full three-dimensional subwavelength high-Q surfaceplasmon-polariton cavity,” Nano Lett. 9(12), 4078–4082 (2009). 17. X. L. Zhu, Y. Ma, J. S. Zhang, J. Xu, X. F. Wu, Y. Zhang, X. B. Han, Q. Fu, Z. M. Liao, L. Chen, and D. P. Yu, “Confined three-dimensional plasmon modes inside a ring-shaped nanocavity on a silver film imaged by cathodoluminescence microscopy,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 105(12), 127402 (2010). 18. L. Chen, J. Shakya, and M. Lipson, “Subwavelength confinement in an integrated metal slot waveguide on silicon,” Opt. Lett. 31(14), 2133–2135 (2006). 19. H. Zhan, R. Mendis, and D. M. Mittleman, “Superfocusing terahertz waves below λ/250 using plasmonic parallel-plate waveguides,” Opt. Express 18(9), 9643–9650 (2010). 20. S. A. Maier, S. R. Andrews, L. Martín-Moreno, and F. J. García-Vidal, “Terahertz surface plasmon-polariton propagation and focusing on periodically corrugated metal wires,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 97(17), 176805 (2006).


Introduction
Controlling light on scales much smaller than the wavelength has great potential for electronic, photonic, and biotechnology applications [1,2]. Tight focusing of terahertz (THz) waves into subwavelength area has been especially important for applications based on highly sensitive bio-sensors with high resolution [3][4][5]. The excitations of guided modes supported by designer surface plasmons, which are confined surface modes observed on highly conducting surfaces perforated by subwavelength apertures, have arisen as a promising candidate for realizing strong confinement of the electromagnetic waves beyond the diffraction limit [6,7]. The subwavelength confinement causes the electric field enhancement in one-(1-) and two-dimensional (2-D) apertures, even in the perfect-conductor regime [8][9][10]. There were several reports about the local field enhancement maximized by designing metallic structures consisted of high aspect-ratio rectangular holes or various shapes of apertures [11][12][13]. Recently, it was reported that an extremely narrow metallic nano slit shows a field enhancement of more than ten thousand times [14]. While these showed a 2-D subwavelength confinement mostly, there was no report about a three-dimensional (3-D) confinement with a high tunability in the resonant frequency and the position of the light confinement. Even in case of showing a 3-D confinement which appears in specific structures like a circular hole, the confinement efficiency was very low and the tunability in the resonant frequency and the position were not controllable. A new design of structured metals is therefore required to obtain the characteristics of the full 3-D subwavelength confinement and the tunability in the resonant frequency and the position of the light confinement. Even though there have been lots of efforts for realizing the strong confinement into a small area by using subwavelength cavities, dielectric microspheres, metallic tips, or etc [15][16][17][18][19][20], achieving the strong 3-D subwavelength confinement in the structured metals consisted of perforated apertures is still important, since those will be a basic component of plasmonic circuits or microfluidic devices which may be applied for sensing applications.
In this paper, we investigate an innovative technique for the 3-D subwavelength confinement of THz electromagnetic surface modes in a periodic arrangement of coupled slit structures crossed at a single position. The theoretical simulations based on the 3-D finitedifference time-domain (FDTD) method show that the resonant frequency of the surface mode is related with the fundamental mode of the single slit. The spatial distribution of the resonant electric field along the slab is determined by its structural shape, not the wavelength of the incident light, which enables the efficient 3-D electric field confinement beyond the diffraction limit. Our results support that the 3-D subwavelength confinement may result from carrier concentration on a narrow gap formed by overlapping three slits with different angles. We can also realize the tunability in the resonant frequency, while still achieving the strong near-field enhancement, without significantly changing their spatial resolution characteristics. Moreover, the position of the light confinement becomes controllable by changing the position of the intersection of slits.

Results and discussion
The coupled slit structure composed of three slits is perforated in a 25 µm-thick aluminum film, as shown in Fig. 1(a). Here, two slits with oblique angles of 10 and −10 degrees are overlapped on a single slit which is parallel to the y-axis. The length (l) and the width (d) of all the slits are 600 µm and 10 µm, respectively. The coupled slit structures are arranged to form the square lattice with periods of ∆x=400 µm and ∆y=800 µm for an efficient implementation of the periodic boundary condition in the FDTD analysis. The structure is illuminated by normally incident THz radiation polarized parallel to the x-axis. Zero-order transmission spectra and near electric-field distributions of resonant surface plasmon modes are obtained by the numerical simulations. The results are compared with one obtained from a single slit in each unit.  The electric field distribution shows strong subwavelength confinement and enhancement inside the slit because the thickness and the width of the single slit are much smaller than the incident THz wavelength. The degrees of field confinement along the x and z axes are roughly λ R /(10 µm)=140 and λ R /(25 µm)=52, respectively, which are surprisingly high degrees compared with the so-called diffraction limit of light.
The electric field intensity distribution of the single slit structure in the xy plane [the upper figure in Fig. 1(c)], however, shows a wide distribution of the in-plane electric field over the slit aperture. For achieving the 3-D subwavelength confinement, the lateral field confinement along the y axis is required. The in-plane electric field profile of the coupled slit structure (the lower figure in Fig. 1(c)) shows the distinguishable confinement at the center of the slits. The coupled slit structure enables to confine the electric field in a 3-D subwavelength area simply by adding two oblique slits on the single slit. Here, the degree of lateral confinement along the y axis is determined by the structural shape at the intersection area of the three slits such as the slit width and the degree of angle between slits. The lateral confinement behavior is caused by a strong funneling effect of the light through the extremely narrow intersection area, and in turn leads to the 3-D confinement of the electric field. For the slit length of l=600 µm, the spatial resolution along the y-axis becomes at least ten times better than that in the simple slit structure. To quantitatively describe the degree of the lateral field confinement and to control resonant frequency, we studied the effect of varying the length of the slits on characteristics of the resonant surface mode. Note that the resonant frequency and the spatial resolution of the 3-D confinement region are related to the structural parameters of the slits. This means that the resonant wavelength can be tuned by varying the length of the slits, while the spatial resolution is maintained since the shape of the intersection area is still same despite of varying the length of the slits. Figure 2(a) shows the amplitude transmission spectra of the single and coupled slit structures with different lengths. The transmission peaks are found near the frequencies of the fundamental resonant modes, f R =c/2l. The resonances are broadened and shift to shorter frequencies as the slit length decreases because the slit has a finite width with a shallow depth and the coupled slit effectively acts as a wider slit in the far-field zone. Interestingly, the spatial profiles of the electric field intensity along the slits [ Fig. 2(b)] look exactly the same, despite of different lengths of the slits. It implies that the degree of the 3-D subwavelength confinement is affected by the structural shape of the intersection area, not the length of the slits. Therefore, the resonant frequency is controlled by varying the length of the slits, without losing the spatial resolution and the confinement efficiency.
For the quantitative analysis of the confinement efficiency, the relation between the resonant frequency and the efficiency ratio was studied. The electric field distributions for the single slit structures as shown in the inset of Fig. 2(b) are changed as the slits have different lengths (not shown here). In contrast, the results for the coupled slit structures do not show any change in their spatial resolution. Here, we define the ratio of the full-width-halfmaximum (FWHM) values obtained from the electric field distributions, as a confinement factor, S T R F F = , where S F and T F are the FWHM values for the single slit structure and the coupled one, respectively. Figure 2(c) shows that the confinement factor is linearly proportional to the length of the slits which determines the resonant frequency. From the results, it is possible to optimize the confinement factor by increasing the resonant frequency or by modifying the structural shape at the intersection area. The structures may actually act as a frequency-controllable single pore, which is currently receiving a great deal of attention for applications in biological sensing. Another advantage of the coupled slit structures is that the spatial position of the electric field confinement can be tuned by shifting the intersection position. Figure 3(a) shows the schematic illustration of a coupled slit structure, which has an off-center parameter; S. S is varied in the range from 0 µm to 90 µm with a step of 30 µm, while the other structural parameters like the length and the shape of slits are kept constant. Figure 3(b) shows the electric field distributions obtained in the surface of metal film. This reveals that the spatial position of the 3-D subwavelength confinement always found at the intersection area of slits, without any change of the FWHM value and the resonant frequency, which is clearly verified by the electric field profiles along the center slit as shown in Fig. 3(c). Interestingly, the spatial profiles show strong confinement of the resonant mode even at higher off-center parameters. The structures may be regarded as a position-controllable single pore.

Conclusion
In conclusion, we have achieved the 3-D subwavelength confinement of THz electromagnetic waves with the coupled slit structure. The 3-D confinement is caused by the lateral confinement due to the strong funneling effect of the light through the intersection area of the slits with a sharp metal geometry. The tunability in the resonant frequency and the position of the confinement is realized by modifying the structural parameters of the slit length and the intersection position, respectively. The structure therefore acts as a frequency-and positioncontrollable single pore on a metal sheet, having the characteristic of the 3-D subwavelength confinement. This approach will be useful for improving sensing technologies for applications in biological and chemical sensing.