A sub-100 fs self-starting Cr : forsterite laser generating 1 . 4 W output power

Without cavity dumping or external amplification, we report a femtosecond Cr:forsterite laser with a 1.4W output power and 2W in continuous wave (CW) operated with a crystal temperature of 267K. In the femtosecond regime, the oscillator generates Kerr-lens-mode-locked 84fs pulses with a repetition rate of 85MHz, corresponding to a high 16.5nJ pulse energy directly from a single Cr:forsterite resonator. This intense femtosecond Cr:forsterite laser is ideal to pump varieties of high power fiber light sources and could be thus ideal for many biological and spectroscopy applications. ©2010 Optical Society of America OCIS codes: (320.7090) Ultrafast lasers; (140.3580) Lasers, solid-state. References and links 1. T. J. Carrig, and C. R. Pollock, “Tunable, cw operation of a multiwatt forsterite laser,” Opt. Lett. 16(21), 1662– 1664 (1991). 2. B. E. Bouma, G. J. Tearney, I. P. Bilinsky, B. Golubovic, and J. G. 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Introduction
Emission wavelength is always a critical issue for laser applications.Complementary to Ti:sapphire (0.65μm -1.1μm) and Cr:YAG lasers (1.4μm -1.6μm), a Cr:forsterite laser is a desirable femtosecond light source since its operating wavelength is located in the spectral regime from 1.1μm to 1.4μm [1].This spectral regime has attracted much attention in many applications.In biomedical imaging, comparing with the commonly-used 800nm or 1047nm lasers, a Cr:forsterite-laser-based system can acquire sectioned images with a deep penetration depth [2,3] and much reduced photo damage [4][5][6][7].These characteristics open many unique applications on optical coherence tomography (OCT) [2,3], multi-photon microscopy [8][9][10] and in vivo optical harmonics virtual biopsy [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20].In selective photothermolysis, the intense light in 1210nm lipid-absorptive band could also be useful for lipid-rich tissues such as fat, sebaceous glands, or atherosclerotic plaques [21].In nonlinear conversion, difference frequency generation of two Cr:forsterite lasers can generate coherent THz waves from 0.3 to 7.5 THz [22] instead of using a complex optical parametric oscillator (OPO) system.In telecommunication and fiber-based system, the optical pulses in this spectral regime will not broaden significantly as they propagate in an optical fiber.This is of particular importance in both telecommunication system [23] and nonlinear light fibermicroscopy [20,24,25].Combining with a photonic crystal fiber (PCF), intense Cr:forsterite femtosecond pulses can achieve a super-continuum (SC) white light source with a pulse energy of 1.15μJ [26,27] and broadest ever soliton self-frequency shift to 2.2μm [28], which is a simple widely-tunable source for various ultrafast applications, including large-dynamicrange RF phase shifter [29].

Laser cavity design and CW performance
The first step in Cr:forsterite laser construction is the pump source selection.A previous work [31] investigated the operation in Cr:forsterite with several different pump wavelengths, and the result suggested that Nd:YAG laser was a great candidate for the near-the-roomtemperature operation.Recently, it has been reported that using the ytterbrium fiber laser as the pump source could provide a compact size, more stable operation, longer pumping life time, and a more economic price [40].Thus, instead of using a Nd:YAG laser as the pump, we employed an Yb:fiber pump laser (PLM-20-1064, IPG), which delivered up to 20W of polarized CW output with a near diffraction limited single-mode beam quality.
The laser resonator employed a conventional Z-fold linear cavity.In order to achieve high output performance at high pump power, we used a pump lens with an 155mm focal length and used curve mirrors with an 150mm radius of curvature, which is longer than the previous works [31][32][33][34][35][36][37]40,[42][43][44][45].It is to reduce the thermal gradient inside the crystal at a high pumping level.The absorption constant of the Cr:forsterite crystal is also found to be critical for high power performance [35].In this work, we compared the performances of two Brewster-cut Cr:forsterite crystals, whose absorption constants at the 1064nm pumping wavelength are 1.4cm 1 and 1.1cm 1 , with the same cavity configuration.The dimensions of the crystals were 3mm×3mm×10.4mmand 3mm×3mm×13.0mmrespectively, which resulted in a 76% single pass absorption.In addition, the temperature of the laser crystal was stabilized and cooled to 270K by a thermo-electric (TE) cooler and a chiller.The crystal was also purged by nitrogen gas to prevent moisture condensation.We first used the crystal with a 1.4cm 1 absorption constant.As shown in Fig. 1(a), the measured CW output power with a 10% output coupler (OC) showed a 15.7% slope efficiency.Above 11W pumping power, the gain-saturation behavior was observed and the output power became unstable even though we adjusted all the components to compensate the thermal-lensing effect.The output power limitation was related to the properties of the crystals, especially the poor thermal conductivity and high temperature sensitivity of the fluorescence lifetime.When high power pumping was applied, the poor thermal conductivity resulted in the severe thermal lensing effect and high equilibrium temperature inside the crystal [35].The increase of the temperature in forsterite crystals decreases the fluorescence lifetime, and further leads to the decrease of the output power.To overcome the saturation and to relief the thermal stress, we thus compared the performance of using the crystal with a lower absorption constant, 1.1cm 1 .In this scheme, the CW output power could reach 1.8W under 14.5W pump power with the same 10% OC.As shown in Fig. 1(b), the gain saturation behavior was not observed and the slope efficiency was linear even with a pump level as high as 14.5W.By further cooling the crystal to 267K and by using a 12% OC, CW output power as high as 2W was achieved, with a cavity length of 1.75m.

Self-starting modelocking operation
To achieve modelocking operation, the positive dispersion in the cavity was compensated by a pair of SF14 prisms with a 31cm tip-to-tip separation and the total cavity length was 1.77m.After finding the stability edge for stable Kerr-lens-modelocking with the 12% OC at a crystal temperature of 267K, stable modelocking operation can be achieved with a 1.4W average output power and an 85MHz repetition rate, under 14.3W pumping power.The performance was characterized via a spectrometer and a home-made autocorrelator.In Fig. 2(a), the modelocked spectrum showed a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 35nm at a center wavelength of 1251nm.The measured FWHM pulse width was 84 fs by assuming a Gaussian pulse shape.By slightly reducing the pump power to 14.2W, even more stable operation was achieved with an average output power of 1.3W.As shown in Fig. 2(b), the output FWHM spectrum width and a measured FWHM pulse width were 57 nm and 55 fs, respectively.An autocorrelator and a nanosecond-scale response time photodetector were used to check the pulse operation in the fs/ps and nanosecond time scales.No signs of double-pulsing or Qswitch mode-locking were observed.With a time-bandwidth product of 0.59, the output pulse is with a potential to be compressed to 40fs by using external prisms.Without the need of a semiconductor saturable absorber mirror (SESAM) and other starters, this regime was found to be routinely stable without interruption.When the pump was restarted, the femtosecond generation was self-started or it could be easily obtained by prism-shaking.The average power of the laser was recorded after the pump was started and all the alignments were stabilized, and just before the pump was turned off.The fluctuation of the recorded average power was within 5% in a period of two months.One example is that additional spectral broadening in fiber pumped by the demonstrated intense Cr:forsterite laser could provide a high spectral density light source covering the 1.0μm to 1.6μm wavelength regime.This could be easily achieved with a standard telecommunication single-mode fiber (SMF-130V, POFC) with a core diameter of 9μm, without the need of a PCF.The fiber nonlinearity γ = 2πn 2 (λS) 1 (here, n 2 is the nonlinear refractive index of the fiber material, λ is the radiation wavelength, and S is the effective mode area) is about 1.6km 1 W 1 at λ= 1.25µm.The dispersion length L D = (ΔT) 2 /|β 2 | (here, ΔT is the pulse width and β 2 is the second-order dispersion coefficient) is about 1.2m.The fiber bending loss of 100 turns around a mandrel of 60 mm diameter at 1550nm is as small as 0.1dB [46].With a fiber length of 0.07m to 3.6m and an incident power of 1.1W, Fig. 3 shows the measured SC spectra, covering 1.0μm to 1.6μm with a high average output power of 700mW.By shortening the fiber length to 7cm, the temporal distortion in fiber can also be reasonably reduced even without external or pre-compensation.The 7cm-fiber-broadened SC white light source was with an autocorrelation width of 228fs and a 3dB bandwidth of 160nm right after the fiber, as shown in Fig. 3.The fluctuation of the ambient temperature in the laboratory was smaller than 1°C and the minimum bending radius was larger than 30mm.The generated SC spectra thus remained stable during the whole measurement period.The negligible fiber bending loss and the stable laser operation could benefit the use for high SNR spectroscopic and biomedical applications.Another example of the fiber-format Cr:forsterite-based light sources is the generation of frequency-shifted solitons and the non-radioactive visible light.Our study indicated that the demonstrated intense Cr:forsterite laser could also efficiently suppress the SC generation in selected fibers and provide high power widely-tunable fiber sources by soliton self-frequency shift (SSFS) [28] and the soliton-mediated Cherenkov radiation (CR) [47].Using a highly nonlinear PCF (SC-5.0-1040,Crystal Fibre A/S) with a zero-dispersion wavelength of 1040nm and a core diameter of 5μm, octave-spanning widely-tunable fiber sources with high pulse energy could be thus achieved.The fiber nonlinearity γ of the fiber is about 9.1km 1 W 1 at λ= 1.25µm and the dispersion length L D is about 12cm. Figure 4 shows the power dependent spectra of the widely tunable sources, including the simultaneously obtained SSFS in Fig. 4(a) and CR below the wavelength of 1100nm in Fig. 4(b).The threshold of SSFS was ~20mW and visible CR could be observed above ~80mW of the total fiber output power.The fiber output spectra could span a range from 550nm to 2273nm with a fiber output power of 340mW, which reached both the upper and lower wavelength-tuning-limit of 2000nm and 550nm due to absorption in this specific fiber.When the fiber output power was 340mW, the average power of the 2000nm soliton was approximately 130mW, corresponding to 1.53nJ pulse energy.As high as 135mW of the broadband CR was also simultaneously obtained.

Summary
In this paper, we successfully relieved the thermal loading of the forsterite crystal under 14.5W high pumping power, and have thus demonstrated a Cr:forsterite laser with a high average output power at 267K: 2W in CW and 1.4W under modelocked operation.The demonstration is with twice the average power of the previous work [42] under modelocked operation and is with a shorter pulsewidth.Sub-100fs optical pulse trains with an 85MHz repetition rate and with an >1W average power are achieved from a single Cr:forsterite resonator.Combined with a standard single-mode fiber and a highly nonlinear PCF, broadband SC white light sources with a high spectral density and high peak power, as well as two-octave-spanning widely-tunable sources were also demonstrated, respectively.This demonstrated intense Cr:forsterite laser could thus be potentially applied in many research fields, including high SNR spectroscopic, biomedicine, and microscopic applications.

Fig. 1 .
Fig. 1.The output power of the Cr:forsterite laser versus pump power with (a) an 1.4cm 1 absorption constant and (b) an 1.1cm 1 absorption constant: the dots are the experimental data, and the solid lines are the linear fittings.76% of the incident pump power was absorbed by the crystal.

Fig. 2 .
Fig. 2. The spectra and the corresponding autocorrelation traces (inset) of the Cr:forsterite laser with (a) 1.4W and (b) 1.3W output power.

Fig. 3 .
Fig. 3. (a) The spectra of the laser output (red), the fiber output with a fiber length of 3.6m (blue), and the fiber source with a fiber length of 7cm (blue).(b) The corresponding autocorrelation trace of the blue spectrum in (a).

Fig. 4 .
Fig. 4. The power dependent spectra of the widely-tunable fiber-delivered Cr:forsterite source, including the simultaneously obtained SSFS in (a) and CR below the wavelength of 1100nm in (b).The values inserted in the figure represent the total average output power after the photonic crystal fiber.The inset figure in (a) shows the magnified spectra of the 340mW total fiber output ranging from 2200nm to 2350nm.The inset figure in (b) shows the output powers of CR whose wavelength were below 1100nm (red), and the fiber output above the wavelength of 1100nm (black).