A 0 . 4mm-diameter probe for nonlinear optical imaging

A miniaturized probe that possesses a diameter of 0.4 mm is developed for two-photon-excited fluorescence imaging. The miniaturized probe was manufactured by the collapse of air holes and the formation of a lens on the tip of a double-clad photonic crystal fiber (DCPCF) using electric arc discharging from a conventional fusion splicer. As a result, a femtosecond pulsed laser beam delivered by the DCPCF can be directly focused on a sample for two-photon fluorescence imaging. The numerical aperture of the lensed DCPCF is 0.12. The corresponding focal spot size is 6 μm, which is close to the diffraction limit. This 0.4-mm-diamter probe can provide clear two-photon-excited fluorescence images of 10-μm-diameter fluorescent microspheres. ©2009 Optical Society of America OCIS codes: (110.2350) Fiber optical imaging; (180.4315) Nonlinear microscopy; (110.3080) Infrared imaging; (110.6880) Three-dimensional image acquisition; (170.2150) Endoscopic imaging. References and links 1. W. Denk, J. 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Introduction
Nonlinear optical microscopy based on multi-photon-excited fluorescence uses a near infrared laser beam for imaging, which could identify cell structures of tissue deep beneath the surface [1][2][3].However, despite of its usefulness, nonlinear microscopy imaging using a standard laboratory microscopy with inflexible free-space light delivery limits its applications especially for clinical or animal studies.A flexible fiber-optical probe is versatile to deliver light into tight space where free-space delivery is difficult [4,5].So far, three different types of fiber have been adopted for multi-photon-excited fluorescence imaging.Single-mode fiber was first used for this purpose [6][7][8][9][10] but such a system exhibits a low signal level because the near infrared laser beam and the visible fluorescence signal cannot efficiently propagate through the core of the fiber [8].This issue has been overcome by using a double-clad fiber [2,11].In fact, the signal level can be further increased when a double-clad photonic crystal fiber (DCPCF) that has a large core is applied [12][13][14][15][16][17].In all these micro-probe designs, coupling optics has been used to deliver the excitation beam and collect fluorescence, which eventually leads to a probe size over 1.5 mm [2,10,18].
Reducing the size of probes is essential for minimizing invasion during medical procedures and reducing the risk of complications as well as costs and recovery times [19][20][21].In this paper, we demonstrate a small probe with a diameter of 0.4 mm, which is only one third of the size of a normal micro-probe [15].The 0.4-mm-diameter probe is developed by the formation of a semi-sphere lens on the tip of a DCPCF which is used for delivering a femtosecond pulsed laser beam to samples and collecting the two-photon fluorescence signal for imaging.The 0.4-mm-probe can produce a diffraction-limited focal spot with a full width at half-maximum (FWHM) of 6 µm and thus provide clear images of 10 µm fluorescent microspheres.

Two-photon-excited fluorescence imaging system
Figure 1 is the schematic setup for two-photon-excited fluorescence imaging using the 0.4mm-diameter optical probe.A DCPCF is used to deliver 80 MHz repetition rate pulses of 100 fs from a Ti:Sapphire laser to a sample to excite two-photon fluorescence signal.The excitation laser beam has a center wavelength of 800 nm with a FWHM bandwidth of 12 nm.In order to keep a short pulse width, a prechirp unit -a grating pair is used to implement negative frequency chirping to the pulses from the Ti:Sapphire laser [2], so that the chromatic dispersion of the DCPCF is compensated.The schematic structure of the DCPCF is displayed in the low left corner of Fig. 1.The solid core of the DCPCF, which is in the center of the  The enlarged structure of the end of the DCPCF is shown in the right of Fig. 1.The tip of the DCPCF is shaped into a semi-sphere by applying electric arc discharges on the DCPCF using a conventional fusion splicer [22].The electric arc discharges melt the tip of the DCPCF and then the tip is gradually developed into a semi-sphere shape.As shown in the enlarged DCPCF tip in Fig. 1, there is a length of the air-hole collapsed region of L f .This region in the DCPCF is also developed by applying electric arc discharges on the DCPCF using the conventional fusion splicer [22].The length L f can be varied by changing the length of the region where the electric arc discharges are applied.The region of the collapsed air holes in the DCPCF is used for the expansion of the excitation laser beam.The expanded excitation laser beam is then focused on a sample by the lens on the tip the DCPCF, as shown in the inset of Fig. 1.The two-photon-excited fluorescence signal from the sample is collected by the lens and the inner-clad region of the DCPCF, separated from the excitation laser beam by a dichroic mirror and sent into a photomultiplier tube (PMT) after being filtered by a 3 mm thick BG18 glass filter for imaging.

0.4-mm-diameter optical fiber probe
The size of the focal spot by the optical fiber probe is determined by the length of L f and the shape of the lens on the tip of the DCPCF.The radius of the lens can be adjusted by changing the number of times of the electric arc discharges applied to the fiber tip.Figure 2 shows the simulation and experiment results of the full width at half-maximum of the focal spot, the numerical aperture (NA) and the working distance of the DCPCF tip as a function of L f while the radius (R) of the semi-sphere on the tip of the DCPCF is 200 µm, 250 µm, and 300 µm, respectively.The simulation result was obtained using commercial lens design software (ZEMAX 2008).From Fig. 2(a), we can see that the focal spot size decreases with the increase of L f when L f < 2.4 mm.In that region, the NA of the probe is small as shown in Fig. L f .As L f reaches 2.4 mm, 2.8 mm, and 3.2 mm as displayed in Fig. 2(a), the FWHM of the focal spot approaches the minimum values of 5.42 µm, 6 µm and 6.21 µm when the radius of the DCPCF tip is 200 µm, 250 µm, and 300 µm, respectively.A further increase of L f results in the decrease of the focal spot size because the focus spot is not diffraction limited.In this region, an increase of L f leads to the increase of the expansion of the excitation beam though the corresponding NA of the lensed tip is enlarged.However spherical aberration of the lens, caused by the large beam expansion, increases rapidly and the resultant focal spot is no longer diffraction limited.The focal spot size increases as a result of the increase of the spherical aberration of the lens.Figure 2 The simulation results agree well with the experiment measurement.Figure 2(c) displays the working distance of the DCPCF lensed tip.The working distance decreases with the increase of L f .For R = 200 µm and L f = 2.4 mm, while the focal spot size of the DCPCF tip is minimum, the working distance of the DCPCF tip is 0.5 mm.
The images of the manufactured DCPCF tips and the corresponding focal spots are revealed in Fig. 3. Figure 3(a) and Fig. 3(c) are the optical microscopy transmission images of the DCPCF tips with L f = 1.4 mm and 2.4 mm, respectively.At the top of the DCPCF, a smooth semi-sphere is formed.The radius of the semi-spheres is 200 µm.This semi-sphere tip is used as a lens.The region where the DCPCF shows the bright strip in the middle is the place where the collapse of air holes occurs.This region is used for the expansion of the excitation laser beam.Figure 3(b) and Fig. 3(d) are the charge coupled device (CCD, Watec WAT-902H) records of the light intensity images of the focal spot taken at the end of the DCPCF tips (a) and (c), respectively.The measured FWHM of the laser focal spot in Fig. 2 was measured from the light intensity images recorded by the CCD camera.
The DCPCF tip as shown in Fig. 3(c) is used as a micro-probe for two-photon excited fluorescence imaging.The images were currently obtained by scanning the sample.If a microscanner was employed, the images could be obtained by scanning the micro-probe [24].Figure 4 is a set of two-photon-excited fluorescence images of 10-µm-diameter fluorescent microspheres, taken by this 0.4-mm-diamter optical probe.The illumination power on the sample is 10 mW and the input power to the optical fiber probe is 34 mW.The coupling ratio, which is the ratio of the output power to the input power, of the optical DCPCF probe is 29%.The coupling efficiency of a DCPCF is 82% [23].However only 38% of the coupling light is in the core of the DCPCF and the rest is at the inner-cladding [23].The NA of the core and inner cladding of the DCPCF is 0.04 and 0.62 respectively [23].The low NA beam from the core of the DCPCF can effectively be focused by the lens on the tip of the DCPCF, while most of the high NA beam from the inner cladding exits the DCPCF before it reaches the lens.Therefore the focused laser mainly comes from the core of the DCPCF, which is useful for the generation of fluorescence signal [23].The coupling ratio of the DCPCF probe is close to the coupling efficiency of a DCPCF in the core.Therefore, the loss introduced by the collapse of air holes and the formation of the lens is small and can be neglected.In addition, the chromatic dispersion of the DCPCF probe is the same as that of the DCPCF with the same length.Therefore, the chromatic dispersion from the lens of the DCPCF is much lower than that from the DCPCF and can be neglected.

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109016 -$15.00USD Received 20 Mar 2009; revised 27 May 2009; accepted 27 May 2009; published 1 Jun 2009 (C) 2009 OSADCPCF, has a diameter of 16 µm and is surrounded by a hexagon array of air holes.The hexagon is surrounded by air holes arrayed in a ring.Inside the ring, the inner-cladding of the DCPCF has a diameter of 160 µm, where the outer-cladding of the DCPCF is the part of the fiber outside of the ring, having a diameter of 350 µm.
2(b) and the corresponding focal spot is diffraction limited.From Fig. 2(b), we can see that the increase of L f leads to the increase of NA.The diffraction limited focal spot size is inversely proportional to the NA of the lensed tip and therefore it reduces with the increase of $15.00 USD Received 20 Mar 2009; revised 27 May 2009; accepted 27 May 2009; published 1 Jun 2009 (C) 2009 OSA (a) and Fig. 2(b) also show the experimentally measured focal spot size and NA versus L f for R = 200 µm.

Fig. 2 .
Fig. 2. (a) FWHM of the excitation laser focal spot, (b) NA of the DCPCF lens and (c) working distance of the DCPCF lens tip versus Lf while the radius (R) of the DCPCF lens tip is 200 µm, 250 µm, and 300 µm, respectively.

Fig. 3 .
Fig. 3. (a) Optical microscopy transmission image of the fabricated DCPCF tip with R = 200 µm and Lf = 1.4 mm.(b) Light intensity image of the excitation laser focal spot using the DCPCF tip in (a).(c) Optical microscope transmission image of the fabricated DCPCF tip with R = 200 µm and Lf = 2.4 mm.(d) Light intensity image of the excitation laser focal spot using the DCPCF tip in (c).

Fig. 4 .
Fig. 4. A set of two-photon-excited fluorescence images of 10-µm-diameter fluorescent microspheres.Size of the images: 200 µm × 200 µm.(a) D = 530 µm (b) D = 490 µm (c) D = 450 µm (d) D = 410 µm (e) D = 370 µm (f) D = 330 µm.The two-photon fluorescence images of 10-µm-diameter fluorescent microspheres at different D, where D is the distance between the surface of the DCPCF probe and 10-µmdiameter fluorescent microspheres, are shown in Figs.4(a)-(f).Figure 4(c) displays clear and bright two-photon-excited fluorescence image of the 10 µm fluorescent microspheres.Therefore the working distance of the probe is 0.45 mm, which is close to the simulation results as illustrated in Fig.2(c).The measured collection efficiency of fluorescence signal with NA = 0.12 is 68%.The DCPCF probe has high signal collection efficiency of twophoton-excited fluorescence signal.

Figure 4 (
c) displays clear and bright two-photon-excited fluorescence image of the 10 µm fluorescent microspheres.Therefore the working distance of the probe is 0.45 mm, which is close to the simulation results as illustrated in Fig. 2(c).The measured collection efficiency of fluorescence signal with NA = 0.12 is 68%.The DCPCF probe has high signal collection efficiency of twophoton-excited fluorescence signal.$15.00 USD Received 20 Mar 2009; revised 27 May 2009; accepted 27 May 2009; published 1 Jun 2009 (C) 2009 OSA 8 June 2009 / Vol.17, No. 12 / OPTICS EXPRESS 10103