Dissipative ring solitons with vorticity

We study dissipative ring solitons with vorticity in the frame of the (2+1)-dimensional cubic-quintic complex Ginzburg-Landau equation. In dissipative media, radially symmetric ring structures with any vorticity m can be stable in a finite range of parameters. Beyond the region of stability, the solitons lose the radial symmetry but may remain stable, keeping the same value of the topological charge. We have found bifurcations into solitons with n-fold bending symmetry, with n independent on m. Solitons without circular symmetry can also display (m + 1)-fold modulation behaviour. A sequence of bifurcations can transform the ring soliton into a pulsating or chaotic state which keeps the same value of the topological charge as the original ring. © 2009 Optical Society of America OCIS codes: (190.3100) Instabilities and chaos; (190.6135) Spatial Solitons. References and links 1. G. K. Batchelor, An Introduction to Fluid Dynamics, (Cambridge University Press, 1967). 2. H. 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Phys. 6, 47 (2004). #104257 $15.00 USD Received 18 Nov 2008; revised 22 Dec 2008; accepted 20 Jan 2009; published 3 Mar 2009 (C) 2009 OSA 16 March 2009 / Vol. 17, No. 6 / OPTICS EXPRESS 4236 15. T. J. Alexander, A. A. Sukhorukov, and Y. S. Kivshar, “Asymmetric Vortex Solitons in Nonlinear Periodic Lattices,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 063901 (2004). 16. G. A. Swartzlander, Jr., and C. T. Law, “Optical vortex solitons observed in Kerr nonlinear media,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 69, 2503-2506 (1992). 17. V. Tikhonenko and N. Akhmediev, “Excitation of vortex solitons in a Gaussian beam configuration,” Opt. Commun. 126, 108 (1996). 18. I. Towers, A. V. Buryak, R. A. Sammut, B. A. Malomed, L. C. Crasovan, and D. Mihalache, “Stability of spinning ring solitons of the cubic-quintic nonlinear Schrödinger equation,” Phys. Lett. A 288, 292 (2001). 19. H. Michinel, J. Campo-Táboas, M. L. Quiroga-Teixeiro, J. R. Salgueiro and R. 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Introduction
Vortices are screw wave front defects that appear in many branches of physics [1,2,3].In recent years, they attracted much attention in optics [4].Optical vortices in nonlinear media have special properties and they have been dubbed vortex solitons [5,6,7,8].They can exist both in continuous [9,10,11] and periodic media [12,13,14,15].Vortices can be located on a plane wave which requires an infinite energy to support them.In reality, most of the studies were restricted to optical vortices that are nested in bright beams [16,17].The requirement of zero field at the center of the beam converts them into ring structures.These can exist as exact solutions of nonlinear wave equations.Vortex ring solitons with high value of vorticity are of special interest [18].Their stability in conservative media is a controversial issue [19,20].Generally, ring structures in conservative media have been found to be unstable in respect to the modulation instability [25].The result of such instability is usually the filamentation of the beam.In this respect, we should note that the stability properties of vortex solitons in dissipative media [21,22,23,24] are quite different from those in conservative media.Thus, dissipative soliton structures require separate studies.
In this paper, we deal with (2+1)-D vortex ring solitons of the cubic-quintic complex Ginzburg-Landau equation (CGLE).Our major observation is that there is a multiplicity of them.We have found families of ring solitons with arbitrary vorticity, (m), including higherorder ones (m > 2).For each m, there is a variety of such solutions with the ground state being a stable ring with azimuthal symmetry.The radius of the ring grows with increasing m.They are stable and stationary in large regions of the parameter space.Other types of solutions with the same m bifurcate from the ground state branch at certain values of the parameters.When the vortex ring solitons lose their cylindrical symmetry, they become modulated and exhibit a number of amplitude maxima along the ring.This number is usually equal to the value of the vorticity plus one, i.e. m + 1. Generally speaking, vortex solitons without cylindrical symmetry exist in narrower regions of the parameter space and their shapes vary.They remain as a complete ring but acquire a nontrivial azimuthal structure.The ring itself may pulsate and rotate simultaneously or can be involved in only one of these motions.The dynamics of the highest complexity is a chaotic one.
The paper is organized as follows.Section 2 describes the nonlinear dynamical system under study while the following sections present numerical results for the ring solitons with vorticity m = 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively.Each case can be considered as special, because the bifurcation diagram for each m is different.The cases of higher vorticity are treated in the Section 7. Finally, Section 8 summarizes our results.

Statement of the problem
Our present study is based on an extended complex Ginzburg-Landau equation [26], that includes cubic and quintic nonlinear terms.In normalized form, this propagation equation reads: where ψ = ψ(x, y, z) is the normalized envelope of the field, is the two-dimensional transverse Laplacian, z is the propagation distance, (x, y) are the transverse co-ordinates, D is the diffraction coefficient that without loss of generality can be set to 1, ν is the saturation coefficient of the Kerr nonlinearity, δ represents linear losses, ε is the nonlinear gain coefficient, β stands for angular spectral filtering in the medium, and μ characterizes the saturation of the nonlinear gain.
The main parameter of the solution that we calculate in simulations is the beam power, Q: The value of Q for a localized solution is finite and changes smoothly while the solution stays within the region of existence of a certain type of solitons.The value of Q changes abruptly when there is a bifurcation and the solution jumps from a branch of solitons that become unstable to another branch of stable solitons.Thus, monitoring Q allows us to find bifurcations in an easy way.Observing a finite Q also reveals the stability of a solution.As soon as the solution becomes unstable, it diverges and the value of Q either converges to another fixed value, vanishes or goes to infinity.In the case that the resulting solution is pulsating, instead of a fixed value of Q, we obtain a band of Q values that corresponds to the changing power of the soliton.Thus, monitoring the power, Q, provides us with essential information about soliton solutions.
Localized structures with vorticity can be created using initial conditions with rotating phase.Additionally, to generate predominantly radially symmetric structures, the initial conditions must also have radial symmetry.We used the following initial condition that satisfy the above criteria: where r = x 2 + y 2 , m is the vorticity, θ = arctan (y/x), w is an approximate radius of the ring structure to be created, and A o is a real amplitude that should generate sufficient power to place the initial condition into a basin of attraction of a ring vortex soliton.converges to the solution which is stable at the chosen parameters of the equation.In cases when there are two or more stable solutions simultaneously, we have to take additional care choosing the parameters of the initial condition such that it falls into the desired basin of attraction.Once a soliton solution is found for a given set of equation parameters, we use it as initial condition for a nearby set of parameters.This technique is the main tool when looking for the continuous range of existence of solitons of the same type.A random perturbation can be added to stimulate the development of any asymmetry if the stationary solution has one.Numerical noise can also stimulate the asymmetry of the solution.However, the actual convergence to the stable solution in this instance takes longer distances z.We started our simulations finding only radially symmetric solutions.Usually these solutions occupy finite, relatively large regions in the parameter space.Solutions with different values of m may exist simultaneously at the same set of the equation parameters.Moreover, the regions of existence of vortex solitons with different m roughly coincide.Only the edges of these regions vary slightly with the value of m.This can be seen from Fig. 1 which shows the power, Q, versus ε for radially-symmetric vortex solutions of different vorticity.The set of parameters used in these simulations are shown inside the figure.For a given ε value, the power Q of these solutions is proportional to m with high accuracy, i.e. the solution with vorticity m > 1 has virtually m times the power of the vortex soliton with m = 1.The examples for values of m from 1 to 5 allow us to conclude that ring vortex solitons with m higher than 5 must also exist.At higher values of m, the solutions are gradually transformed into round stripes of finite width.Thus, at higher m, their stability is related to the stability of the stripe.This means that ring vortex solitons can exist for any higher m value.The region of existence for ring vortex solitons is relatively large in every direction in the parameter space.Even if the parameters are moved well away from those given in Fig. 1, the curves have similar width in ε domain.In the rest of this paper, we use the set of parameters (δ , β , μ, ν) to be (−0.1,0.1, −0.04, −0.02) and change only ε to observe the bifurcations.For this set of parameters, radially symmetric solutions with any particular m also exist in a finite range of ε values.Beyond that range we can observe other types of solutions.These include solutions with broken radial symmetry and non-stationary localized rings.They can be found when, starting from a symmetric vortex solution, we continuously change one of the equation Fig. 2. Power Q versus ε diagram for the ring solitons with vorticity m = 1.The red and blue curves and the solid part of the green curve correspond to stable solutions, while the dashed green one is for unstable ones.Solutions on the red curve have a radially symmetric amplitude profile while other solutions are radially asymmetric.The yellow inset in the lower right corner is a magnification of the curves enclosed into the small yellow rectangle in the upper left part of the main diagram.This magnification shows more clearly the bifurcation of the pulsating vortex solutions (blue stripe) from the stationary radially asymmetric ones (green curve).
In order to plot these curves, we started the numerical simulations at the point ε = 0.88 using the initial conditions (3).From this point, we moved step by step in the directions of decreasing and increasing ε and found new solutions using the solution at the previous point as initial condition for the new point.When ε is decreased below 0.80, the radially symmetric vortex solution loses its stability and transforms itself into a vortex soliton without radial symmetry.This transition is shown by the black vertical arrow pointing at a solid dot on the green dashed curve.Solutions on the dashed part of the green curve occurred to be weakly unstable.They are transformed upon farther propagation into pulsating vortex ring solitons.This transformation is shown by the smaller black arrow above the first one.(a1 Starting the simulations with this new radially asymmetric solution as initial condition, we can plot the Q(ε) curves for these branches of solitons in the same way as described above, i. e. increasing and decreasing ε in small increments.For clarity, the part of the curves enclosed into the small yellow rectangle in the upper left corner of the diagram is magnified and plotted separately in the lower right hand side yellow panel of Fig. 2.This inset shows clearly the bifurcation of the pulsating solutions from the stationary radially asymmetric ring solitons.The latter solutions turn to be unstable to the left of the point of bifurcation (i.e. on the dashed green line).The instability occurred to be weak and these solutions still can serve as temporary attractors for initial conditions that are close to the radially symmetric solitons of the red curve.This is why the transition shown by the black arrow stops temporarily at the solid green circle before the solution is further transformed into the pulsating soliton of the blue stripe.Radially asymmetric vortex solitons exist up to the point ε = 0.821.Further increase of ε transforms them into radially symmetric ring solitons.This transition is shown by the black arrow directed down to the red curve.The two arrows enclose the hysteresis cycle.
Soliton profiles in the (x, y) plane for the three types of solutions described above are presented in Fig. 3.The color of the plot corresponds to the color of the curve in Fig. 2 to which they belong.All profiles are calculated for the same set of equation parameters.They are given on the top of the figure.The profile shown in red is radially symmetric while the solutions (b) and (c) are not.The profile in (b) still has two-fold azimuthal symmetry which is lost in further transformations.The two latter solutions rotate on propagation.The profile (c) also changes periodically in z.Consequently, the power Q oscillates as shown in the upper blue panel in (c).
Contour color plots of the same soliton profiles are shown in the upper row of Fig. 4.This plot shows clearly that the solitons of the red branch are radially symmetric while the solitons of the blue and green branches are not.The lower row of Fig. 4 shows the phase contour plots for each solution.In each case, the phase increases by 2π in one rotation around the center of the ring.
Ordinary bell-shaped solitons with zero vorticity also exist at this range of parameters.They are not shown here because the power Q for them is much below the scale of Fig. 2. Namely for the equation parameters presented in Fig. 2, they are stable in the interval of ε values: [0.30, 0.89].This means that if any of the ring vortex solitons loses stability for one or another reason inside the above interval, it will be transformed into a finite number of plain bell-shaped dissipative solitons.The process is similar to a small scale filamentation of the rings [25].

Ring solitons with m = 2
Following the same procedure as above we have obtained the regions of existence of vortex solitons with m = 2 for the same set of parameters as in the previous case.These regions are presented in Fig. 5 by the red and blue curves.In contrast to the case m = 1, we have only two branches of ring vortex solitons.The red curve corresponds to solitons with circular symmetry while the radially asymmetric solitons are shown with the blue curve.In each case, the solutions have constant power, Q, at any fixed ε although radially asymmetric solitons may change the shape in propagation.In particular, the solitons represented by the blue curve are close to have a triangular shape with three maxima.In addition, this triangular structure rotates with a constant angular velocity.
An illustrative example of this class of ring vortex solitons is shown in Fig. 6.This example corresponds to the thick filled green circle in Fig. 5.The soliton with m = 2 has approximately the same amplitude as the one with m = 1 as it is mainly defined by the values of the dissipative parameters δ , ε and μ.However, they occupy a wider space in the (x, y)-plane, thus resulting in the higher values of their power, Q.Another difference from the case m = 1 is that the regions of existence in the ε-domain are shifted to smaller values of ε.This is due to the choice of the system parameters which are different from those presented in Fig. 1.
Radially asymmetric solitons on the blue curve are stable.An unstable branch may also exist.It would be natural for this curve to start as a bifurcation at the red curve.However, our numerical technique does not allow us to find these solutions.When changing ε and reaching the right hand side limit of the blue curve, we found a direct transformation of the radially asymmetric ring solitons into the radially symmetric solitons of the red branch.The reverse transformation occurs at the leftmost point of the red curve.
A remarkable feature of the radially asymmetric ring vortex soliton is a three-fold azimuthal bending symmetry along with the specific amplitude modulation.Namely, the number of max- ima along the soliton ring is 3 rather than 2. The same type of modulation is observed for radially asymmetric ring solitons with m = 1 and m = 3. Namely, the number of maxima is equal to m + 1 (see below for the case m = 3).Clearly, the bending symmetry and the amplitude modulation are more related to the length of the ring rather than to its vorticity.In conservative systems, the ring structure can be split into a number of separate beams that depends on the ring diameter [25].The latter is defined by the growth rate dependence on the spatial frequency of the modulation.In contrast to higher-order beams in conservative media, here, the modulation of the ring dissipative solitons is incomplete, and the ring structure of the soliton does not actually split it into separate beams.

Ring solitons with m = 3
The regions of existence of ring solitons with m = 3 are shown in Fig. 7.Although the radially symmetric ring solitons may have very similar curves for their regions of existence independent of m, their bifurcations into the radially asymmetric ring structures vary significantly with m.The color notations for the curves in Fig. 7 are the same as in the previous examples.In the case of m = 3, the stable radially asymmetric solutions are completely separated in the ε-domain from the stable radially symmetric solutions.Namely, the solid part of the red curve starts when the solid part of the blue curve ends, i.e. the radially symmetric solutions become unstable when the radially asymmetric solutions appear.7 by the gray filled circles.The two profiles belong to (a) the green and b) the blue branches of solitons in Fig. 7 respectively.The green profile is stable while the blue one is slightly unstable and converges, on propagation, to the green one.The profile (b) has four-fold bending symmetry while the profile in (a) is completely asymmetric.Fig. 9 shows more clearly the difference between them.
All solutions presented in Fig. 7 have fixed power Q at any given ε.We did not find pulsating solitons in the region of ε shown in Fig. 7.The solitons of the branch colored in blue have four-fold bending symmetry.They become unstable when another type of solitons, completely Each profile is modulated with four maxima and in Fig. 8 they might look similar to each other.The difference can be seen clearly in Fig. 9.While the solution of the blue branch (b1) possess a four-fold azimuthal symmetry having roughly a square shape in the transverse plane, the solution shown in green (a1) does not have that symmetry.The phase profiles corresponding to these solutions are shown in the lower panels of Fig. 9.The evolution of the intensity profiles in these two cases can be seen in the movies associated to the left hand side and right hand side panels in Fig. 9.

Ring solitons with m = 4
As the vorticity of the ring increases, so does the power of the solutions.This is basically because their diameter becomes larger while the width of the ring is kept essentially constant.
Apart from that, the power versus ε diagrams for radially symmetric solitons look almost similar for all m.However, the transformations to solutions with broken symmetry become more complicated for higher values of m.Thus, the bifurcation diagrams are also becoming more complicated.0.7 0.75 0.8 165 higher integer value of m.The fundamental mode always has radial symmetry.The modes which have lower symmetry bifurcate from the fundamental mode.Clearly, in the frame of a single work, we can present only a limited number of examples.Thus, to confirm the existence of ring solitons with higher values of m, we conclude the paper with the case m = 9.Firstly, we confirmed that radially symmetric rings do exist in the region of parameters comparable in size with the regions for low values of m.Secondly, we have found the sequence of complicated bifurcations which are not shown here because of the extreme complexity of the bifurcation diagram.Instead, we present just one example of the ring soliton profile.Namely, we have chosen the case, which gained a few new striking features as a result of several bifurcations.The first bifurcation is usually related to modulation instability.It creates a modulated structure along the ring with a number of maxima that can coincide with m + 1 but can also be different from that.In fact, in the case presented here (Fig. 13), the number of maxima does coincide with m.This modulated structure can be seen in Fig. 13(a).Another bifurcation results in the loss of radial symmetry and creates the bending structure.In the case shown in Fig. 13(b), the soliton still has four-fold bending symmetry.This can also be lost in subsequent bifurcations.However, what remains constant in all transformations is the vorticity m.The value m = 9 can easily be counted from the phase profile of the soliton in Fig. 13(c).
Subsequent bifurcations add oscillations into the structure, thus forcing the soliton to pulsate.After a set of bifurcations, the ring soliton with m = 9 becomes a pulsating solution with two frequencies.These two frequencies are clearly seen in Fig. 14 that shows evolution of Q along z for this pulsating solution.One of them is related to the fast rotation of the modulated structure clockwise around the ring.The lower frequency is related to the rotation of the four-fold azimuthally bended structure in the anti-clockwise direction.Each of these motions can be seen in the movies presented in Fig. 15.The left one corresponds to a short propagation distance, namely z changes from 0 to 6, while in the right one z changes from 0 to 200.In Fig. 15 ties that exceed the value 0.95 of the absolute maximum of the field intensity are shown.Each of the two frequencies appears as a result of a separate bifurcation similar to those presented in the diagrams for lower values of m.When increasing m however, the complexity of the bifurcation diagrams also increases.Nevertheless, the ring structure is preserved through all the bifurcations.The ring solitons gradually lose higher-order symmetries and become complicated both in shape and in its dynamics.As a final complication, the motion of the ring may become chaotic.These features are characteristic for the ring solitons with values of m higher than 9.The radius of the ring increases with m but the amplitude of the ring stays the same.Thus, the power inside the ring increases roughly linearly with m.There is an infinite number of them but we have to limit ourselves to the lowest order ones.This last case concludes our presentation of the dissipative ring vortex solitons and their properties.

Conclusions
In conclusion, we studied (2+1)-D ring vortex structures in dissipative media governed by the complex cubic-quintic Ginzburg-Landau equation.We have found regions of stability for ring solitons with vorticity m ranging from 1 to 5 and additionally for m = 9.The existence of vortex ring solitons with m from 1 to 5 and the fact that their region of existence does not shrink when increasing m to 9 shows clearly that such structures can exist for any higher value of m.The unique property of dissipative ring structures is their bifurcation patterns.Radially symmetric ring structures can be transformed into ring structures which are modulated or bent along the ring.They can also pulsate periodically or chaotically.Despite all these transformations, they remain stable as a single ring with given m.These properties make them distinctively different from any known vortex solitons in conservative media.

#Fig. 3 .
Fig. 3. 2D vortex soliton profiles for m = 1 for the equation parameters, written in the upper left part of the figure.In the cases (a) and (b) the power, Q is constant, while for (c) the power is a periodic function of z, as it is shown on top of the panel (c).

Fig. 4 .
Fig. 4. (Upper row) Contour color plots of the soliton profiles shown in Fig. 3. (Lower row) Contour color plots of the phase profiles for the same solutions.The periodic evolution of the soliton profile shown in (c1) can be seen in the linked movie (Media 1).

QFig. 5 .Fig. 6 .
Fig. 5. Regions of existence of vortex solitons with m = 2.The red curve corresponds to the radially symmetric ring solitons.Solitons represented by the blue curve are radially asymmetric.The thick filled green circle indicates the location, in the parameter space, of the vortex soliton whose intensity and phase profiles are shown in Fig. 6.

Fig. 7 .
Fig.7.Regions of existence of vortex solitons with m = 3 in the ε domain.The solid (dashed) red curve represents stable (unstable) radially symmetric solitons.The solid blue and green curves correspond to stable radially asymmetric ring solitons while the blue dashed curve stands for unstable ones.

2 Fig. 8 .
Fig.8.3-D intensity profiles of the radially asymmetric ring vortex solutions whose location in the parameter space is indicated in Fig.7by the gray filled circles.The two profiles belong to (a) the green and b) the blue branches of solitons in Fig.7respectively.The green profile is stable while the blue one is slightly unstable and converges, on propagation, to the green one.The profile (b) has four-fold bending symmetry while the profile in (a) is completely asymmetric.Fig.9shows more clearly the difference between them.

Fig. 9 .
Fig. 9. (upper row) Color contour plots of the intensity in the (x, y) plane of the ring solitons with m = 3 shown in Fig. 8. (lower row) Phase profiles for the same solitons.The right column corresponds to the upper grey filled circle in Fig.7while the left column to the lower circle.Evolution of each ring soliton can also be seen in animation, i.e. a1) (Media 2) b1) (Media 3).

Fig. 13 .
Fig. 13.(a) Three-dimensional plot of the ring soliton with m = 9 for ε = 0.745.Color contour plots of (b) the intensity and (c) the phase of the same vortex dissipative soliton.

4 εFig. 14 .
Fig. 14.Double periodic evolution of Q vs z for vortex dissipative soliton with m = 9 (blue curve).The yellow inset on the top of the figure shows a magnified part of the blue curve enclosed into a small yellow box to the right of z = 0.

Fig. 15 .
Fig. 15.(a) Movie (Media 6) showing the fast clockwise rotation of the nine maxima of the vortex dissipative soliton with m = 9.(b) Movie (Media 7) showing the slow rotation of the dissipative soliton with four-fold bending symmetry in the opposite direction.