Threshold and suprathreshold perceptual color differences

R. F. Witzel; R. W. Burnham; J. W. Onley

doi:10.1364/JOSA.63.000615

Journal of the Optical Society of America
Vol. 63,
Issue 5,
pp. 615-625
(1973)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.63.000615

Threshold and suprathreshold perceptual color differences

R. F. Witzel, R. W. Burnham, and J. W. Onley

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R. F. Witzel, R. W. Burnham, and J. W. Onley, "Threshold and suprathreshold perceptual color differences," J. Opt. Soc. Am. 63, 615-625 (1973)

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Abstract

Observers matched a series of colors. They also matched a given neutral difference by producing, with a colorimeter, a color difference for one color attribute at a time (producing a saturation difference while keeping hue and lightness constant, producing a hue difference while keeping lightness and saturation constant, and producing a lightness difference while keeping hue and saturation constant). We found it possible for observers trained in color scaling to abstract the individual color attributes of hue, saturation, and lightness; that a unit suprathreshold perceptual color ellipsoid can be described about a given color in color space; that the precision of color-difference matching seems to be a function of the size of the perceptual color interval of the reference colors; and, finally, that there is a tendency for color-difference-matching ellipses to orient toward the nearest colorimeter primary.

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Operation	Code
Match	M
Greater lightness	GL
Less lightness	LL
Less saturation	LS
Greater saturation	GS
Blue hue	BH
Yellow hue	YH
Red hue	RH
Green hue	GH

Observer	Color	Operation Code	CIE Specifications			Ellipse coefficients			PGN ellipse coefficients (in thousands)
Observer	Color	Operation Code	x	y	f(Y)^a	g₁₁	g₁₂	g₂₂	g₁₁	g₁₂	g₂₂
RFW	Red	M	0.4344	0.3768	0.6421	141 500	−39 140	277 300	370	−217.5	322
RTK			0.4339	0.3802	0.7242	57 890	51 330	320 500	375	−212.5	310
RWB			0.4349	0.3747	0.6017	81 270	27 810	59 070	368	−220	330
Mean			0.4344	0.3772	0.6524	76 620	25 270	117 200	370	−213	320
RFW	Green	M	0.3599	0.4503	0.7143	431 900	−31 820	10 730	452	−145	128
RTK			0.3588	0.4476	0.7935	66 890	−16 130	61 670	449	−148	132
RWB			0.3614	0.4482	0.6639	65 640	2 913	30 760	450	−149.5	130
Mean			0.3600	0.4487	0.7202	89 750	−5 171	50 730	450	−150	130
RFW	Blue	M	0.3106	0.3093	0.7590	427 700	−123 100	88 730	1200	−625	601
RTK			0.3124	0.3117	0.8450	258 400	−126 600	93 420	1190	−600	570
RWB			0.3100	0.3088	0.7275	103 700	−12 580	40 320	1201	−650	585
Mean			0.3110	0.3099	0.7761	168 500	−53 200	56 090	1200	−600	570
RFW	Cyan	M	0.3149	0.3781	0.7879	248 600	−155 500	463 300	525	−182.5	200
RTK			0.3197	0.3790	0.8629	217 500	−159 900	405 300	515	−190	205
RWB			0.3157	0.3814	0.7358	63 420	4 731	69 220	505	−180	195
Mean			0.3168	0.3795	0.7923	111 400	−17 090	147 400	520	−180	200
RFW	Magenta	M	0.3751	0.3142	0.7172	135 800	−51 800	129 000	551	−345	405
RTK			0.3752	0.3154	0.7984	358 100	−80 760	68 390	550	−338	400
RWB			0.3779	0.3145	0.6777	135 700	22 850	46 180	535	−335	405
Mean			0.3761	0.3147	0.7275	148 300	−11 280	57 780	550	−340	400
RFW	Yellow	M	0.4106	0.4463	0.6652	311 300	−222 800	313 300	530	−170	179
RTK			0.4099	0.4482	0.7306	75 380	−56 840	90 460	528	−167	176
RWB			0.4117	0.4435	0.6196	63 670	−16 680	68 170	519	−170	183
Mean			0.4107	0.4460	0.6686	87 410	−50 140	98 290	530	−170	180
RFW	Match to S₁		0.3522	0.3824	0.6234	519 200	−255 400	328 200	449	−201	225
RTK			0.3522	0.3824	0.6903	360 400	−42 990	196 900	449	−201	225
RWB			0.3535	0.3847	0.6017	88 760	−14 810	56 790	440	−200	220
Mean			0.3526	0.3831	0.6362	182 500	−39 130	113 400	445	−205	225
RFW	Match to S₂		0.3509	0.3825	0.3867	259 800	−111 100	156 400	450	−201	225
RTK			0.3505	0.3825	0.4306	182 400	−92 430	110 200	450	−201	225
RWB			0.3521	0.3849	0.3527	59 580	−24 800	46 530	440	−200	215
Mean			0.3512	0.3833	0.3888	114 500	−51 000	79 760	445	−200	222.5
RFW	Match to surround		0.3537	0.3866	1.0000	132 300	−49 530	74 420	430	−197	205
RTK			0.3534	0.3860	1.0000	130 400	−74 830	82 190	430	−200	215
RWB			0.3507	0.3858	1.0000	67 690	−15 900	54 130	440	−199	210
Mean			0.3526	0.3861	1.0000	95 790	−39 370	63 630	430	−197.5	210

Observer	Color	Operation code	CIE specifications			Ellipse coefficients
Observer	Color	Operation code	x	y	f(Y)^a	g₁₁	g₁₂	g₂₂
Mean	Cyan	GL	0.3169	0.3786	0.9190	38 990	−2 334	17 210
		LL	0.3180	0.3786	0.6465	112 800	−56 920	158 900
		GS	0.3014	0.3764	0.7555	41 160	1772	66 910
		LS	0.3308	0.3832	0.8247	70 110	−18 250	116 600
		BH	0.3107	0.3623	0.7629	33 920	−21 300	46 210
		GH	0.3198	0.3992	0.7938	55 390	−8 948	25 920
Mean	Magenta	GL	0.3724	0.3094	0.8733	55 260	−22 890	35 050
		LL	0.3775	0.3188	0.5847	28 480	−4 347	40 240
		GS	0.3788	0.2893	0.6627	18 430	−2 540	11 660
		LS	0.3714	0.3336	0.7968	47 250	−9 652	39 080
		BH	0.3397	0.2986	0.7334	16 600	−5 439	10 950
		RH	0.4125	0.3276	0.6819	12 650	−838	12 800
Mean	Yellow	GL	0.4086	0.4467	0.8041	73 520	−52 340	66 960
		LL	0.4125	0.4451	0.5287	39 960	−43 420	66 480
		GS	0.4322	0.4653	0.6303	180 400	−192 100	350 800
		LS	0.3956	0.4324	0.7202	89 360	−64 880	132 300
		GH	0.4060	0.4658	0.6568	7 730	−2 714	5 593
		RH	0.4334	0.4390	0.6333	5 606	−3 072	7 562
Mean	Red	GL	0.4355	0.3774	0.7968	14 090	8 676	94 870
		LL	0.4350	0.3777	0.5434	34 680	10 600	69 260
		GS	0.4545	0.3714	0.5994	28 970	27 480	93 970
		LS	0.4169	0.3838	0.7040	38 550	−11 870	89 830
		BH	0.4276	0.3618	0.6289	11 550	−3 734	13 220
		YH	0.4490	0.3944	0.6495	13 640	3 749	13 500
Mean	Green	GL	0.3575	0.4501	0.8630	68 730	7 047	11 340
		LL	0.3629	0.4482	0.5876	65 020	−16 730	40 140
		GS	0.3616	0.4800	0.6745	48 210	4169	3 874
		LS	0.3611	0.4313	0.7688	87 500	−11 140	15 510
		YH	0.3862	0.4573	0.7305	173 100	−66 150	76 000
		BH	0.3374	0.4392	0.7084	31 720	15 490	45 340
Mean	Blue	GL	0.3063	0.3010	0.9219	124 700	−47 620	50 370
		LL	0.3177	0.3153	0.6451	20 290	−14 090	31 630
		GS	0.2963	0.2794	0.7408	315 600	−167 200	106 600
		LS	0.3233	0.3304	0.8277	165 000	−36 630	51 500
		RH	0.3339	0.3069	0.7761	28 990	−19 530	21 480
		GH	0.2996	0.3159	0.7850	41 680	−15 100	18 300

Δd	Orientation angle θ	Shape a/b	Size (area)
0.010	0.873	0.745	−0.144
0.015	0.668	0.505	0.093
0.020	0.673	0.505	0.097
0.025	0.619	0.532	0.083

Observer	Color	Operation code	CIE specifications			Ellipse coefficients
Observer	Color	Operation code	x	y	f(Y)	g₁₁	g₁₂	g₂₂
RFW	Red	UCI^a	0.4338	0.3769	0.6566	2 935	−1 575	4 360
RTK			0.4362	0.3803	0.7161	9 263	2 978	15 490
RWB			0.4394	0.3760	0.5975	3 785	−593	6 903
Mean			0.4363	0.3777	0.6539	3 956	−1 215	6 371
RFW	Green	UCI	0.3604	0.4519	0.7215	3 305	−1 222	2 643
RTK			0.3602	0.4477	0.7935	8 669	335	6 488
RWB			0.3628	0.4534	0.6625	4 671	−1 040	2 382
Mean			0.3611	0.4510	0.7216	4 603	−1 140	3 071
RFW	Blue	UCI	0.3118	0.3056	0.7778	4 325	−2 324	3 439
RTK			0.3147	0.3121	0.8597	13 410	−3 910	4 988
RWB			0.3123	0.3070	0.7178	5 978	−3 242	5 489
Mean			0.3129	0.3082	0.7806	6 185	−2 935	4 446
RFW	Cyan	UCI	0.3138	0.3778	0.7937	9 137	−3 761	7 299
RTK			0.3202	0.3801	0.8500	19 190	−4 705	11 990
RWB			0.3149	0.3811	0.7206	9 719	−3 841	7 949
Mean			0.3163	0.3797	0.7835	11 270	−4 158	8 650
RFK	Magenta	UCI	0.3732	0.3100	0.7186	1 782	−1 033	2 511
RTK			0.3750	0.3171	0.7968	3 973	−2 578	6 219
RWB			0.3780	0.3116	0.6625	2 210	−868	4 888
Mean			0.3754	0.3129	0.7216	2 356	−1 302	3 836
RFW	Yellow	UCI	0.4167	0.4497	0.6652	2 804	−396	3 691
RTK			0.4140	0.4504	0.7306	10 460	−10 340	17 000
RWB			0.4134	0.4471	0.6003	3 855	−925	2 962
Mean			0.4147	0.4490	0.6627	3 807	−1 315	4 264

Abstract

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Figures (13)

Tables (5)

Equations (1)

Journal of the Optical Society of America